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. 2015 Sep 29;5:14606. doi: 10.1038/srep14606

Table 1. Results of subgroup analysis stratified by study and population characteristics and type of dairy.

    Cross-sectional/case-control studies (N = 16)
Prospective cohort studies (N = 7)
N OR (95% CI) Pa I2(%) Pb N RR (95% CI) Pa I2(%) Pb
Region
 Asia-pacific   6 0.83 (0.76–0.91) 0.77 0.0   3 0.80 (0.66–0.95) 0.85 0.0  
 Europe   5 0.81 (0.53–1.25) 0.003 75.6 0.83c 2 0.89 (0.79–1.00) 0.90 0.0 0.39c
 USA   5 0.83 (0.60–1.15) 0.005 73.2 0.89c 2 0.75 (0.51–1.12) 0.10 63.9 0.98c
Sex
 Men   6 0.70 (0.48–1.04) 0.000 77.5   0 NA NA NA  
 Women   5 0.92 (0.59–1.44) 0.009 70.3 0.41d 0 NA NA NA NA
 Both   10 0.86 (0.76–0.97) 0.16 31.0 0.63d 7 0.86 (0.79–0.92) 0.65 0.0 NA
Duration of follow-up
 ≥9 years   NA NA NA NA NA 4 0.86 (0.78–0.95) 0.31 15.7 0.52
 <9 years   NA NA NA NA NA 3 0.81 (0.68–0.96) 0.94 0.0  
Dairy ascertainment
 Self-report   8 0.85 (0.64–1.14) 0.000   0.70 4 0.88 (0.79–0.99) 0.91 0.0 0.49
 Interview or food diary   7 0.82 (0.75–0.91) 0.69 0.0   3 0.82 (0.71–0.94) 0.22 34.3  
MetS assessment
 NCEP ATP-III   10 0.85 (0.75–0.95) 0.04 48.0 0.56 4 0.86 (0.78–0.95) 0.82 0.0 0.77
 Other   5 0.65 (0.34–1.23) 0.002 76.7   3 0.76 (0.57–1.02) 0.20 37.1  
Type of dairy
 Total dairy   12 0.81 (0.70–0.94) 0.03 49.4 0.45 6 0.86 (0.79–0.92) 0.65 0.0 0.20
 Milk   6 0.90 (0.74–1.11) 0.003 71.9   3 0.75 (0.63–0.89) 0.92 0.0  
Adjustment
 Smoking Yes 12 0.80 (0.69–0.93) 0.01 55.0 0.46 7 0.86 (0.79–0.92) 0.65 0.0 NA
  No 4 0.93 (0.63–1.37) 0.02 69.2   0 NA NA NA  
 Alcohol Yes 6 0.77 (0.67–0.88) 0.21 30.5 0.36 4 0.78 (0.66–0.92) 0.59 0.0 0.25
  No 10 0.88 (0.72–1.08) 0.004 63.3   3 0.88 (0.81–0.95) 0.75 0.0  
 Physical activity Yes 11 0.86 (0.75–0.99) 0.003 62.4 0.32 7 0.86 (0.79–0.92) 0.65 0.0 NA
  No 5 0.70 (0.51–0.96) 0.15 50.4   0 NA NA NA  
 Education Yes 6 0.90 (0.73–1.10) 0.18 33.8 0.54 4 0.83 (0.75–0.92) 0.38 2.5 0.50
  No 10 0.80 (0.68–0.94) 0.003 63.9   3 0.88 (0.79–0.99) 0.76 0.0  
 Dietary energy Yes 13 0.78 (0.67–0.91) 0.02 50.2 0.22 6 0.83 (0.76–0.92) 0.63 0.0 0.45
  No 3 0.99 (0.74–1.32) 0.01 77.5   1 0.89 (0.79–1.00) NA NA  
 Dietary fat Yes 2 0.73 (0.59–0.90) 0.15 52.4 0.42 3 0.80 (0.59–1.07) 0.21 35.4 0.75
  No 14 0.85 (0.74–0.99) 0.007 54.9   4 0.85 (0.77–0.93) 0.81 0.0  
 Meat Yes 2 0.80 (0.70–0.93) 0.44 0.0 0.76 3 0.82 (0.71–0.94) 0.22 34.3 0.49
  No 14 0.83 (0.72–0.97) 0.001 62.1   4 0.88 (0.79–0.99) 0.91 0.0  
 Whole/refined grain Yes 1 0.81 (0.73–0.93) NA NA 0.94 3 0.82 (0.71–0.94) 0.22 34.3 0.49
  No 15 0.83 (0.71–0.96) 0.001 60.0   4 0.88 (0.79–0.99) 0.91 0.0  
 Dietary fiber Yes 3 0.88 (0.74–1.05) 0.40 0.0 0.78 2 0.58 (0.38–0.89) 0.88 0.0 0.13
  No 13 0.82 (0.70–0.95) 0.001 63.1   5 0.87 (0.80–0.93) 0.92 0.0  
 Fruit and vegetable Yes 2 0.80 (0.70–0.93) 0.44 0.0 0.76 3 0.82 (0.71–0.94) 0.22 0.0 0.49
  No 14 0.83 (0.72–0.97) 0.001 62.1   4 0.88 (0.79–0.99) 0.91 0.0  

CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; NCEP ATP-III, Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk.

aP value for heterogeneity among studies.

bP value for heterogeneity between groups according to meta-regression.

cAsia-pacific studies as a reference group.

dMale data as reference group.