Table 3.
Hazard ratios and differences in median age at death (95% CI) for all-cause mortality according to food frequency intake and other lifestyle factors among Chinese elderly.
| HR (95% CI) | Differences (95% CI) in Median Age at Death (Years) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Multivariable Adjusted 1 | Unadjusted | Multivariable Adjusted 1 | |
| Age | 1.07 (1.06–1.07) ** | 1.07 (1.06–1.07) ** | −0.19 (−0.21–−0.18) ** | −0.18 (−0.19–−0.17) ** |
| Urban vs. rural | 0.75 (0.72–0.79) ** | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) ** | −0.77 (−0.97–−0.56) ** | 0.14(0.04−0.32) ** |
| Women vs. men | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) * | 0.79 (0.74–0.84) ** | −0.34 (−0.51–−0.17) ** | 0.66 (0.47–0.85) ** |
| Number of chronic diseases | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) ** | −0.06 (−0.14–0.02) | −0.17 (−0.24–−0.09) ** |
| Manual job vs. non-manual job | 1.89 (1.69–2.11) ** | 1.37 (1.21–1.55) ** | −2.41 (−2.83–−1.99) ** | −0.97 (−1.50–−0.44) ** |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current smokers | 1.00 | 1.00 | Ref.2 | Ref. |
| Ex-smokers | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 1.00 (0.92–1.10) | −0.21 (−0.51–0.08) | −0.08 (−0.40–0.23) |
| Non-smokers | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) * | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | −0.37 (−0.61–−0.13) ** | 0.15 (−0.12–0.43) |
| Non-alcohol drinking vs. drinking | 0.98 (0.92–1.03) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 0.06 (−0.15–0.28) | −0.06 (−0.26–0.14) |
| Having physical activity vs. no physical activity | 0.60 (0.57–0.64) ** | 0.73 (0.68–0.77) ** | 2.05 (1.78–2.31) ** | 1.18 (0.95–1.41) ** |
| Fruit intake | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Occasionally | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) ** | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.37 (0.17–0.57) ** | 0.08 (−0.11–0.26) |
| Daily | 0.70 (0.64–0.75) ** | 0.85 (0.77–0.92) ** | 1.07 (0.72–1.42) ** | 0.38 (0.07–0.69) * |
| Vegetable intake | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Occasionally | 0.77 (0.68–0.86) ** | 0.80 (0.70–0.91) ** | 0.73 (0.32–1.15) ** | 0.36 (0.02–0.70) * |
| Daily | 0.63 (0.57–0.70) ** | 0.74 (0.66–0.83) ** | 1.41 (1.04–1.79) ** | 0.60 (0.28–0.91) ** |
| Intake of meat | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Occasionally | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.05 (−0.18–0.28) | 0.17 (−0.06–0.41) |
| Daily | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 0.40 (0.16–0.64)** | 0.04 (−0.22–0.30) |
| Intake of fish | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Occasionally | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) * | −0.07 (−0.27–0.12) | −0.13 (−0.32–0.07) |
| Daily | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) ** | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 0.38 (0.12–0.65) ** | 0.31 (0.01–0.62) * |
| Intake of tea | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Occasionally | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.21 (−0.03–0.45) | 0.11 (−0.11–0.32) |
| Daily | 0.80 (0.75–0.85) ** | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.68 (0.42–0.93) ** | 0.18 (−0.04–0.41) |
| Intake of sugar | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Occasionally | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 1.00 (0.95–1.07) | −0.18 (−0.38–0.03) | −0.07 (−0.26–0.13) |
| Daily | 1.05 (0.99–1.13) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | −0.32 (−0.56–−0.08) ** | −0.15 (−0.38–0.08) |
| Intake of salt-preserved vegetable | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Occasionally | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 1.12 (1.06–1.19) ** | −0.05 (−0.26–0.16) | −0.18 (−0.37–0.02) |
| Daily | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) ** | 0.13 (−0.09–0.35) | −0.14 (−0.36–0.07) |
| Intake of garlic | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Occasionally | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) * | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.13 (−0.06–0.32) | 0.12 (−0.06–0.30) |
| Daily | 0.81 (0.75–0.88) ** | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.52 (0.21–0.83) ** | 0.14 (−0.16–0.45) |
| Intake of egg | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Occasionally | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 1.07 (0.99–1.14) | −0.14 (−0.37–0.09) | −0.16 (−0.39–0.07) |
| Daily | 0.91 (0.85–0.98) * | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 0.25 (0.00–0.49) * | −0.11 (−0.38–0.17) |
| Intake of beans | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Occasionally | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | −0.01 (−0.24–0.22) | −0.17 (−0.40–0.06) |
| Daily | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) ** | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 0.48 (0.20–0.76) ** | −0.13 (−0.41–0.15) |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01; 1 Model adjusted for variables listed in the table. 2 Ref. was zero.