Table 4.
Prevalence ratios and 95% CIs of participants with serum vitamin B-12-concentations ≥ 200 pmol/L vs <200 pmol/L or normal serum vitamin B-12 and MMA vs. impaired serum vitamin B-12 and MMA (vitamin B-12 < 200 pmol/L and methylmalonic acid >0.27 μmol/L) by tertiles of vitamin B-12 intake from different dietary sources.
| Probability of Having Serum Vitamin B-12 ≥200 pmol/L | Probability of Having Normal Serum Vitamin B-12 and MMA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary vitamin B-12 intake from food items (μg/day) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| Total vitamin B-12 intake | ||||||
| ≤3.19 | 1 (ref)* | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 3.20–4.40 | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) | 1.16 (1.05–1.30) | 1.19 (1.07–1.33) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) |
| ≥4.41 | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 1.20 (1.06–1.35) | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 1.14 (1.04–1.24) |
| P for trend | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Vitamin B-12 intake from meat | ||||||
| ≤0.92 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 0.93–1.51 | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) | 1.17 (1.04–1.31) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) |
| ≥1.52 | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 1.15 (1.02–1.28) | 1.22 (1.08–1.37) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 1.07 (0.99–1.17) |
| P for trend | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.13 |
| Vitamin B-12 intake from fish and shellfish | ||||||
| ≤0.31 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 0.32-0.76 | 1.18 (1.06–1.31) | 1.17 (1.05–1.31) | 1.17 (1.05–1.30) | 1.12 (1.03–1.20) | 1.11 (1.03–1.19) | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) |
| ≥0.77 | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) | 1.14 (1.06–1.23) | 1.13 (1.04–1.21) | 1.13 (1.05–1.23) |
| P for trend | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Vitamin B-12 intake from eggs | ||||||
| ≤0.078 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 0.079–0.157 | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | 1.11 (1.00–1.22) | 1.10 (0.99–1.21) | 1.04 (0.97-1.10) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) |
| ≥0.158 | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 1.00 (0.93-1.08) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) |
| P for trend | 0.51 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.94 | 0.76 | 0.87 |
| Vitamin B-12 intake from dairy products | ||||||
| ≤0.96 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| 0.97–1.48 | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | 1.17 (1.05–1.31) | 1.20 (1.08–1.34) | 1.10 (1.03–1.19) | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) |
| ≥1.49 | 1.18 (1.06–1.33) | 1.18 (1.06–1.33) | 1.24 (1.10–1.39) | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | 1.11 (1.02–1.21) |
| P for trend | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.0007 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex; Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, alcohol intake, physical activity level, smoking, and creatinine; Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, alcohol intake, physical activity level, smoking, creatinine, total energy intake, and intake of other vitamin B-12-containing food items; ref is the reference group to which the other groups or categories are compared to.