Table 1.
Characteristics of 17 including studies.
| Author [Ref.] (Year) |
Country Continent |
Study Design | Group | n | Mean Level of Serum Zinc (μmol/L) | SD (μmol/L) | p | Sample Type | Fasting | Age (Years, Mean ± SD) | Gestational Age (Weeks, Mean ± SD) | Match of Potential Confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarwar, M.S.; [11] (2013) |
Bangladesh (Asia) |
case-control study | Control PE |
58 50 |
15.08 11.85 |
3.54 5.38 |
p < 0.001 | serum | 8 h fasting condition | 25.76 ± 0.73 25.46 ± 0.85 |
36.79 ± 0.27 35.32 ± 0.37 |
matching for gestational period |
| Rafeeinia, A.; [17] (2014) |
Iran (Asia) |
cross-sectional study | Control total PE control mild PE sever PE |
50 50 50 35 15 |
11.23 10.92 11.08 10.62 12.00 |
5.08 4.00 0.62 0.62 1.23 |
p = 0.76 p = 0.71 |
serum | overnight fast | 27.10 ± 4.6 26.50 ± 3.9 27.18 ± 4.6 27.0 ± 4.1 25.40 ± 3.5 |
31.50 ± 3.60 30.80 ± 3.30 26.41 ± 5.0 23.82 ± 4.60 28.02 ± 7.90 |
|
| Fenzl, V.; [24] (2013) |
Croatia (Europe) |
cross-sectional study | Control PE |
37 30 |
8.85 9.23 |
1.43 1.43 |
NS | serum | overnight fast | 30.8 31.2 |
37.42 36.55 |
|
| Farzin, L.; [13] (2012) |
Iran (Asia) |
cross-sectional study | Control PE |
60 60 |
15.48 11.77 |
3.10 2.71 |
p < 0.001 | serum | yes | 26.66 ± 3.72 27.43 ± 3.91 |
35.27 ± 1.20 35.48 ± 1.14 |
matched for age, gestational age, anthropometrics and socioeconomic status |
| Adam, B.; [29] (2001) |
Turkey (Asia) |
cross-sectional study | Control PE |
20 20 |
5.25 4.82 |
0.68 0.72 |
NS | plasma | no | 27 ± 6.8 29 ± 8 |
37 ± 3.9 35 ± 4 |
matched for age, gestational age |
| Ilhan, N.; [12] (2002) |
Turkey (Asia) |
cross-sectional study | Control PE |
30 21 |
19.26 12.76 |
3.73 4.45 |
p < 0.001 | plasma | overnight fast | 19–31 | 31–38 | |
| Kolusari, A.; [28] (2008) |
Turkey (Asia) |
cross-sectional study | Control PE |
48 47 |
0.20 0.16 |
0.06 0.07 |
NS | serum | overnight fast | 27.92 ± 4.25 27.91 ± 5.21 |
35.41 ± 1.62 34.87 ± 2.34 |
|
| Atamer, Y.; [27] (2005) |
Turkey (Asia) |
cross-sectional study | Control PE |
28 32 |
16.71 12.18 |
3.06 2.77 |
NS | serum | overnight fast | 25.85 ± 3.36 27.00 ± 3.89 |
36.53 ± 3.15 35.68 ± 2.94 |
|
| Borella, P.; [30] (1990) |
Italy (Europe) |
cross-sectional study | Control PE |
35 24 |
9.60 10.49 |
2.29 2.28 |
NS | plasma | yes | 29–40 | ||
| Akhtar, S.; [31] (2011) |
Bangladesh (Asia) |
cross-sectional study | Control PE |
30 60 |
17.74 13.88 |
1.03 2.42 |
p < 0.001 | serum | no | 25.20 ± 4.85 25.11 ± 5.66 |
31.53 ± 3.90 32.35 ± 3.53 |
ageand gestational period matched |
| Akinloye, O.; [23] (2010) |
Nigeria (Africa) |
cross-sectional study | Control PE |
40 49 |
9.40 8.60 |
0.80 1.40 |
p < 0.05 | serum | no | age-matched | ||
| Ahsan, T.; [25] (2013) |
Bangladesh (Asia) |
cross-sectional study | Control PE |
27 44 |
15.00 16.00 |
2.00 2.00 |
p = 0.560 | serum | no | 24.11 ± 4.93 26.05 ± 5.41 |
36.23 ± 2.64 35.60 ± 3.85 |
demographically well matched |
| Rathore, S.; [26] (2011) |
India (Asia) |
cross-sectional study | Control PE |
47 14 |
8.85 7.57 |
3.32 2.74 |
NS | serum | no | 19–35 | age-matched | |
| Ugwuja, E.I.; [32] (2010) |
Nigeria (Africa) |
cross-sectional study | Control PE |
40 40 |
10.87 9.97 |
10.30 9.74 |
p = 0.686 | plasma | no | 27.55 ± 4.23 29.45 ± 3.70 |
21.40 ± 3.22 | matched for age, gestational age, parity, anthropometrics andsocioeconomic status |
| Gupta, S.; [33] (2014) |
India (Asia) |
case-control study | Control mild PE sever PE |
75 47 18 |
10.63 10.46 9.28 |
1.82 2.05 1.63 |
NS p < 0.01 |
plasma | no | |||
| Araujo Brito, J.; [34] (2013) |
Brazil (America) |
case-control study | Control mild PE sever PE |
50 20 24 |
7.43 7.69 5.97 |
1.28 1.45 1.26 |
NS p < 0.05 |
plasma | fasting for at least 12 h | 24.13 ± 6.43 27.00 ± 6.59 |
39.17 ± 1.76 36.30 ± 3.01 |
|
| Jain, S.; [35] (2010) |
India (Asia) |
cross-sectional study | Control mild PE sever PE |
50 25 25 |
15.64 12.72 12.04 |
2.40 1.70 1.40 |
p < 0.05 p < 0.05 |
serum | no | 23.92 ± 3.42 23.04 ± 3.76 22.96 ± 3.81 |
33.62 ± 7.83 34.92 ± 3.54 35.08 ± 3.60 |
age-matched |
Abbreviations: SD: standard deviation; PE: preeclampsia; NS: nosignificant.