| (a) Summary Based on Literature Search and Interviews with Experts | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protection Goals | Fire Blight Control Measures | |||||||||
| Biological Control | Chemical Control | Conventional Breeding a | GMO b | |||||||
| Commercial Name Composition | Blossom Protect A. pullulans | Copper | Myco-sin Aluminum Sulfate | LMA Potassium Aluminum Sulfate | Strepto, Firewall, Streptomycin Sulfate | 1 gene | 2 gene | 1 gene | 2 genes | |
| “Ladina” FB_F7 QTL | FB_F7 QTL + ?? | “Gala” + FB_MR5 c | “Gala” + FB_MR + ?? | |||||||
| FB-free agricutural crop and environment | ||||||||||
| Feasibility | E d | E | E | E | E | E | possible | E | possible | |
| Efficacy of method | 73–78% | 34–88% | 51–65% | 73% | 76–89% | 60–75% | ? e | 93–100% | ? | |
| Durability | high | high | high | high | resistant strains? | virulent strains? | virulent strains? | virulent strains? | virulent strains? | |
| Protection of consumer and workers | AT f | AT | AT | AT | AT + resistance? g | Allergy? | ? | ? | ||
| no tests required | ||||||||||
| Protection of environment | ||||||||||
| Impact on exposed animals | low | low | low | low | low | low | low | low | low | |
| Impact on biodiversity | low | medium | medium | medium | low | low | low | low | low | |
| Impact on soil and water | low | medium | medium | medium | medium | low | low | low | low | |
| Economic interest (acceptance) | ||||||||||
| Quality accepted and desired by consumer | medium | medium | high | high | medium | high | high | low | low | |
| Way of production acceptable for consumer | high | high | high | high | medium | high | high | low | low | |
| Maitain cultivar diversity and diversity of cultivation practices | ||||||||||
| Impact of method on cv diversity | low | medium | medium | low | low | high | high | high | high | |
| Impact of method on cultivation practices | low | medium | medium | medium | medium | low | low | low | low | |
Green: no or negligible problems identified; Yellow: minor uncertainties and/or minor problems identified; Orange: Uncertainties and/or problems identified that urgently need to be addressed. a: Conventional breeding: apple cultivars carrying a one or two gene-based FB resistance obtained by conventional breeding; b: GMO: Genetically Modified Organism carrying a one or two gene-based FB resistance; c: “Gala” + FB_MR5: estimations based on transgenic lines tested under greenhouse conditions with two E. amylovora strains; d: E: Product already exists; e: ?: Unknown; f: AT: Safety of product tested for registration. If used according to instructions no problems for workers and consumers; g: Acquisition of antibiotic (multi) resistant bacteria in operators not tested.