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VPC01091 and FTY720 treatment before IR results in a significant decrease in proinflammatory cytokines vs. vehicle-treated IR control. Results are presented as means ± SE. *P < 0.05 vs. vehicle sham, #P < 0.05 vs. vehicle IR; n = 5–8/group. ND, not detectable, CCL2, CC chemokine ligand-2.
