Table 1. Baseline subject characteristics between subjects with and without NAFLD (n = 797).
| No NAFLD (n = 577) | NAFLD (n = 220) | P 1 | Age and sex adjusted P 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 47.0 ± 10.8 3 | 51.0 + 9.3 | <0.001 | —- |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.7 ± 3.0 | 25.5 + 3.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 78.4 ± 9.2 | 89.2 + 7.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Male [n (%)] | 214 (37.1) | 118 (53.6) | <0.001 | —- |
| Current smoker [n (%)] | 48 (8.3) | 19 (8.6) | 0.885 | 0.504 |
| Current drinker [n (%)] | 96 (16.6) | 55 (25.0) | 0.007 | 0.177 |
| MDS | 4.0 ± 1.7 3 | 4.0 + 1.8 | 0.904 | 0.068 |
| DQI-I | 57.9 ± 10.4 | 57.2 + 11.5 | 0.368 | 0.007 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 126.1 ± 19.0 | 137.8 + 19.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.2 ± 11.3 | 88.3 + 12.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/l) | 19 (15–25) | 31 (23–42) | <0.001 4 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 4.9 (4.6–5.2) | 5.2 (4.9–5.6) | <0.001 4 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.1 + 1.0 | 5.4 + 1.0 | <0.001 | 0.012 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.6 + 0.4 | 1.3 + 0.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.6 (1.2–2.3) | <0.001 4 | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 3.2 + 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Central obesity 5 [n (%)] | 160 (27.7) | 143 (65.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides > 1.7 mmol/l 5 [n (%)] | 63 (10.9) | 97 (44.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Reduced HDL-cholesterol 5 [n (%)] | 45 (7.8) | 64 (29.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension 5 [n (%)] | 251 (43.5) | 161 (73.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Impaired fasting glucose or DM 5 [n (%)] | 53 (9.2) | 61 (27.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome 5 [n (%)] | 45 (7.8) | 105 (47.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| PNPLA3 genotypes [n (%)] | ||||
| CC | 248 (43.1) | 63 (28.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CG | 265 (46.0) | 115 (52.3) | ||
| GG | 63 (10.9) | 42 (19.1) | ||
| Intrahepatic triglyceride content (%) | 1.2 (0.7–2.4) | 9.8 (7.0–15.4) | <0.001 4 | <0.001 |
1 Group difference by independent t test for continuous variables and chi-squared or Fisher exact test for categorical variables unless otherwise stated
2 Group difference by ANCOVA for continuous variables and logistic regression for categorical variables unless otherwise stated
3 Mean ± SD or median (interquarter range) (all such values) unless otherwise stated
4 Group difference by nonparametric Mann-Whiney U test
5 International Diabetes Federation criteria for metabolic syndrome [38]
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; DQI-I, Diet Quality Index-International; MDS, Mediterranean Diet Score; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WC, waist circumference