Table 5. Logistic regression analysis linking individual food groups or nutrients and the presence of NAFLD (n = 797).
| Food group/nutrient | Tertile 1 | No. of | Age and sex adjusted | Multivariate adjusted 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAFLD | OR | 95% CI | P trend or | OR | 95% CI | P trend or | ||
| case/control | P value 3 | P value 3 | ||||||
| Beverages (ml) 4 | 0 | 231/87 | 1 | 0.008 | 1 | 0.091 | ||
| 1–71 | 163/47 | 1.01 | 0.66–1.54 | 1.22 | 0.72–2.08 | |||
| 71+ | 183/86 | 1.68 | 1.14–2.47 | 1.53 | 0.93–2.52 | |||
| Dim sum (g) | <14 | 202/76 | 1 | 0.551 | 1 | 0.548 | ||
| 14–40 | 188/67 | 1.07 | 0.72–1.59 | 1.06 | 0.64–1.75 | |||
| 40+ | 187/77 | 1.13 | 0.76–1.65 | 1.16 | 0.71–1.89 | |||
| Egg and egg products (g) | <7 | 209/79 | 1 | 0.754 | 1 | 0.471 | ||
| 7–21 | 150/57 | 1.00 | 0.66–1.51 | 0.81 | 0.48–1.34 | |||
| 21+ | 218/84 | 1.06 | 0.73–1.54 | 0.84 | 0.52–1.36 | |||
| Fast food (g) | 0 | 343/135 | 1 | 0.387 | 1 | 0.588 | ||
| 1+ | 234/85 | 1.16 | 0.83–1.63 | 1.13 | 0.74–1.72 | |||
| Meat, poultry and organ meats (g) | <91 | 197/68 | 1 | 0.107 | 1 | 0.368 | ||
| 91–150 | 199/68 | 1.05 | 0.70–1.58 | 1.30 | 0.78–2.17 | |||
| 150+ | 181/84 | 1.39 | 0.93–2.09 | 1.30 | 0.73–2.32 | |||
| Fish and seafood (g) | <43 | 189/76 | 1 | 0.911 | 1 | 0.991 | ||
| 43–85 | 205/62 | 0.78 | 0.52–1.16 | 0.88 | 0.53–1.46 | |||
| 85+ | 183/82 | 1.02 | 0.70–1.50 | 1.00 | 0.61–1.64 | |||
| Fruits and dried fruits (g) | <132 | 185/80 | 1 | 0.007 | 1 | 0.009 | ||
| 132–229 | 195/71 | 0.73 | 0.50–1.09 | 0.70 | 0.43–1.16 | |||
| 229+ | 197/69 | 0.57 | 0.38–0.86 | 0.50 | 0.30–0.84 | |||
| Grains and cereals (g) | <444 | 194/72 | 1 | 0.173 | 1 | 0.134 | ||
| 444–637 | 196/69 | 0.80 | 0.53–1.19 | 0.85 | 0.50–1.42 | |||
| 637+ | 187/79 | 0.75 | 0.49–1.14 | 0.64 | 0.36–1.15 | |||
| Mushroom, fungi and nuts (g) | <2 | 183/84 | 1 | 0.037 | 1 | 0.168 | ||
| 2–13 | 189/71 | 0.79 | 0.54–1.16 | 0.83 | 0.50–1.36 | |||
| 13+ | 205/65 | 0.66 | 0.44–0.98 | 0.70 | 0.42–1.16 | |||
| Soy and soy products (g) | <12 | 193/73 | 1 | 0.731 | 1 | 0.550 | ||
| 12–54 | 188/77 | 1.05 | 0.71–1.55 | 1.15 | 0.70–1.89 | |||
| 54+ | 196/70 | 0.93 | 0.63–1.38 | 0.86 | 0.52–1.42 | |||
| Vegetables and legumes (g) | <119 | 185/80 | 1 | 0.009 | 1 | 0.013 | ||
| 119–207 | 190/76 | 0.86 | 0.58–1.27 | 0.79 | 0.48–1.29 | |||
| 207+ | 202/64 | 0.58 | 0.38–0.87 | 0.51 | 0.30–0.87 | |||
| Milk and milk products (g) | <4 | 179/80 | 1 | 0.054 | 1 | 0.624 | ||
| 4–30 | 193/83 | 1.08 | 0.74–1.58 | 1.53 | 0.94–2.49 | |||
| 30+ | 205/57 | 0.67 | 0.45–1.01 | 1.14 | 0.68–1.91 | |||
| Tea and coffee (ml) | <179 | 194/64 | 1 | 0.166 | 1 | 0.671 | ||
| 179–464 | 209/65 | 0.83 | 0.55–1.24 | 0.58 | 0.34–0.97 | |||
| 464+ | 174/91 | 1.32 | 0.89–1.96 | 1.12 | 0.68–1.84 | |||
| % energy from carbohydrate | —- | —- | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.013 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.00 | 0.067 |
| % energy from protein | —- | —- | 1.03 | 0.98–1.08 | 0.211 | 1.00 | 0.95–1.06 | 0.921 |
| % energy from total fat | —- | —- | 1.02 | 1.00–1.04 | 0.130 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.06 | 0.089 |
| % energy from saturated fat | —- | —- | 1.03 | 0.95–1.13 | 0.436 | 1.02 | 0.92–1.14 | 0.714 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | —- | —- | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.275 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.963 |
| Dietary fiber (g) | —- | —- | 0.97 | 0.94–1.00 | 0.036 | 0.96 | 0.93–1.00 | 0.054 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | —- | —- | 0.40 | 0.19–0.85 | 0.017 | 0.36 | 0.14–0.89 | 0.028 |
1 Tertiles based on the distribution of all subjects, except two categories for the fast food intake (intake = 0 vs. intake > 0 g per day)
2 Further adjusted for BMI, current smoker status (yes/no), current drinker status (yes/no), central obesity (yes/no), triglyceride >1.7 mmol/l (yes/no), reduced HDL-cholesterol (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), impaired fasting glucose or diabetes (yes/no), and the PNPLA3 genotypes (CC vs. CG vs. GG genotypes). Energy intake was further adjusted in the multivariate model of food group intake analysis.
3 P trend was examined by entering tertiles of food group intake as a fixed factor for the models of food group intake analysis, whereas P value was used for the models of nutrient intake analysis.
4 Included mainly sweetened beverages or juice, carbonated drinks and sports drinks
NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease