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. 2015 Aug 31;7(3):275–293. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7030275

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic drawing of BBB opening with focused ultrasound and verification with MRI. (A) One hemisphere of male Wistar rats is insonated with a 500 kHz transducer adapted to a stereotactic positioning system. The transducer is driven by a function/arbitrary waveform generator and amplifier; (B) Successful opening of the BBB is demonstrated with magnetic resonance imaging 30 min after insonation. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images show a slight contrast enhancement in the focus of the insonation site (see arrow).