Table 2.
Changes between beginning of rehabilitation (t0) and two weeks after the end of rehabilitation (t1)
| t0 | t1 | t | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Mean, Standard deviation) | (Mean, Standard deviation) | (p value) | ||
| Pain Catastrophizing | ||||
| Rumination (PCS-R) | 8.36 (4.81) | 6.70 (5.28) | 5.51 (<.001) | 0.35 |
| Magnification (PCS-M) | 4.17 (2.74) | 3.51 (2.93) | 4.40 (<.001) | 0.24 |
| Helplessness (PCS-H) | 7.63 (4.77) | 5.96 (5.11) | 6.77 (<.001) | 0.35 |
| Satisfaction with Participation | ||||
| Satisfaction with Participation in Social Roles (SP-SR) | −0.72 (3.16) | 0.42 (3.39) | −5.70 (<.001) | 0.36 |
| Satisfaction with Participation in Discretionary Social Activities (SP-DSA) | −1.18 (2.94) | 0.26 (3.29) | −6.88 (<.001) | 0.49 |
| Pain intensity | ||||
| Pain VAS | 53.6 (23.1) | 35.8 (24.1) | 9.80 (<.001) | 0.77 |
| Pain item | 4.15 (1.03) | 3.49 (1.24) | 8.42 (<.001) | 0.64 |
| Pain disability | ||||
| ODI | 35.9 (17.3) | 28.9 (17.8) | 8.43 (<.001) | 0.40 |
| PDI | 33.1 (16.8) | 25.8 (17.4) | 7.72 (<.001) | 0.43 |
| Negative affectivity | ||||
| Depression (HADS-D) | 6.29 (4.19) | 5.68 (4.71) | 2.41 (.017) | 0.15 |
| Anxiety (HADS-A) | 8.01 (4.26) | 6.53 (4.62) | 5.77 (<.001) | 0.35 |
Note: Nmin = 136, Nmax = 216. Effect size was calculated as mean difference standardized by the standard deviation at t0. The range of PCS-R and PCS-H is 0 to 20, the range of PCS-M 0 to 12. Higher values indicate greater catastrophizing. The range of SP-DSA is -6.79 to 8.43, of SP-SR -7.09 to 8.58. Higher values stand for better participation. High values regarding the two indicators for pain intensity stand for stronger pain. The range of ODI is 0-100, that of PDI 0-70. Higher values represent greater pain disability. The range of both HADS scales is 0–21, with higher values reflecting more negative affectivity