Table 3.
Risk factors associated with depression among participants with diabetes (n = 753).
| Variable | Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval)∗ |
|
|---|---|---|
| Moderate depression† | Severe depression† | |
| Gender | ||
| Men | 1 | 1 |
| Women | 1.25 (0.69–2.26) | 1.36 (0.68–2.73) |
| Age (y) | ||
| 43–49 | 1 | 1 |
| 50–59 | 0.80 (0.47–1.36) | 0.89 (0.46–1.72) |
| 60–73 | 0.84 (0.45–1.55) | 0.67 (0.31–1.45) |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 1 | 1 |
| Single/divorced/widowed | 0.85 (0.41–1.77) | 1.14 (0.53–2.43) |
| Current job status | ||
| Nonphysical labor | 1 | 1 |
| Physical labor | 1.55 (0.84–2.86) | 1.22 (0.56–2.65) |
| No occupation | 2.31 (1.17–4.54) | 1.95 (0.87–4.36) |
| Monthly income | ||
| ≥1.5 million won | 1 | 1 |
| <1.5 million won | 2.07 (1.23–3.48) | 2.46 (1.35–4.46) |
| Education duration (y) | ||
| >9 | 1 | 1 |
| ≤9 | 1.04 (0.64–1.69) | 1.62 (0.91–2.89) |
| Diabetes duration (y) | ||
| ≤1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2–5 | 0.89 (0.53–1.49) | 0.67 (0.35–1.29) |
| 6–9 | 0.46 (0.18–1.18) | 0.61 (0.22–1.72) |
| ≥10 | 0.33 (0.12–0.87) | 0.42 (0.14–1.24) |
| Medicine use‡ | ||
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 2.05 (1.18–3.55) | 2.20 (1.13–4.29) |
| Current drinking | ||
| No drinking | 1 | 1 |
| Current drinking | 0.97 (0.59–1.59) | 0.99 (0.551.78) |
| Current smoking | ||
| No smoking | 1 | 1 |
| Current smoking | 2.40 (1.384.17) | 2.46 (1.23–4.90) |
| Regular exercise | ||
| Yes | 1 | 1 |
| No | 1.46 (0.96–2.23) | 1.70 (1.02–2.82) |
| Obesity§ | ||
| Normal | 1 | 1 |
| Abnormal | 0.77 (0.50–1.19) | 0.89 (0.53–1.48) |
| Abdominal obesity‖ | ||
| Normal | 1 | 1 |
| Abnormal | 0.98 (0.57–1.70) | 1.01 (0.52–1.99) |
| Hypertension | ||
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.15 (0.74–1.78) | 1.05 (0.63–1.77) |
| Comorbid chronic diseases¶ | ||
| No | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.50 (0.68–3.29) | 0.88 (0.30–2.53) |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | ||
| <6.5 | 1 | 1 |
| ≥6.5 | 1.38 (0.84–2.27) | 1.68 (0.93–3.01) |
| Dietary patterns | ||
| Vitamin B6 | 1.85 (0.64–5.39) | 1.04 (0.28–3.92) |
| Vitamin B2 | 1.90 (0.74–4.89) | 1.11 (0.32–3.83) |
| Fiber | 1.13 (0.91–1.42) | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) |
| Folate | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
Ordinal logistic analysis according to the depression status compared to nondepression. Adjustment for gender, age, marital status, current job status, monthly income, education duration, diabetes duration, medicine use, current drinking, current smoking, regular exercise, obesity, hypertension and glycated hemoglobin, comorbid chronic diseases (ordinal multivariate analysis according to the depression status), vitamin B6, vitamin B2, fiber, and folate.
Nondepression <16, 16 ≤ moderate depression < 24, severe depression ≥24.
Using an oral diabetes medicine or insulin.
Defined as body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of ≥25 kg/m2.
Defined as waist circumference (women) ≥ 85 cm; defined as waist circumference (men) ≥ 90 cm.
Defined as comorbid chronic diseases (cancer, kidney disease, hyperlipidemia, coronary disease, cerebrovascular diseases).