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Candidate-tissue and biofluid-based biomarkers for ALS
| Evaluated biomarkers | Meaning/function | |
|---|---|---|
| CSF | MMP-2, MMP-9 | Markers of BBB dysfunction |
| NfL, pNFH/C3, p-tau | Neuroaxonal degeneration markers | |
| cystatin C, TDP-43 | Markers of the neuroprotection | |
| IL-6, IL-8, complement factors C3 and C4, prostaglandin E2, neopterin, peroxynitrite, G-CSF, MCP-1 | Markers of inflammation and immune activation | |
| S100b, EPO | Glial activation markers | |
| Blood | Creatinine, albumin, ferritin | |
| Muscle | Nogo-A, smads |
