Table 2.

Themes identified in select studies applying PEN-3 cultural model.

	Role of context	Family	Positive aspects of culture
Mieh et al. (2013)	x	x	x
Saulsberry et al. (2013)	x	x	x
Sofolahan and Airhihenbuwa (2013)	x	x
Barbara and Krass (2013)	x	x
Okoror et al. (2012)	x	x	x
Scarinci et al. (2012)	x	x	x
Sofolahan and Airhihenbuwa (2012)	x	x
White et al. (2012)	x	x	x
Bynum et al. (2011)	x
Ochs-Balcom et al. (2011)	x	x	x
Osann et al. (2011)	x		x
Brown, BeLue, and Airhihenbuwa (2010)		x	x
Erwin et al. (2010)	x	x	x
Iwelunmor, Zungu, and Airhihenbuwa (2010)	x	x	x
Iwelunmor et al. (2010)		x	x
Sheppard et al. (2010)	x	x	x
Sofolahan et al. (2010)		x	x
Airhihenbuwa et al. (2009)	x	x	x
Green et al. (2009)	x	x	x
Kannan et al. (2010)	x	x	x
Kannan et al. (2009)	x	x	x
Iwelunmor, Zungu, and Airhihenbuwa (2010)	x	x	x
Melancon, Oomen-Early, and Rincon (2009)	x	x	x
Grace et al. (2008)	x	x
Ka’opua et al. (2008)	x	x	x
Sheppard et al. (2008)	x	x	x
Yick and Oomen-Early (2009)	x	x	x
Kline (2007)	x	x	x
Okoror et al. (2007)		x	x
Scarinci et al. (2007)		x	x
Garcés et al. (2006)	x	x	x
Iwelunmor et al. (2006)		x	x
Petros et al. (2006)	x		x
Abernethy et al. (2005)	x	x	x
Erwin et al. (2005)	x	x	x
James (2004)	x	x	x
Beech and Scarinci (2003)	x	x
Walker (2000)	x	x	x
Underwood et al. (1997)	x	x
Airhihenbuwa et al. (1996)	x	x	x