Table 2.
Multinomial Regression Analysis Evaluating the Relationship Between Pregnancy Complications and ER Frequency Categories
| Logistic regression | Multinomial logistic regression | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | ≥1 ER visitOR (CI) | 1 ER visitOR (CI) | 2–3 ER visitsOR (CI) | 4–10 ER visitsOR (CI) |
| Pregnancy complicationa | 1.14 (1.06–1.24) | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 1.13 (1.00–1.29) | 1.27 (1.00–1.61) |
| Gestational diabetesb | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | 1.12 (0.98–1.29) | 1.12 (0.93–1.03) | 1.08 (0.75–1.56) |
| Preeclampsiac | 1.11 (1.00–1.24) | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 1.08 (0.78–1.85) |
| Gestational hypertensiond | 1.17 (1.04–1.32) | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | 1.30 (1.07–1.58) | 1.27 (0.87–1.85) |
| Maternal age, years (REF, <18) | ||||
| 18–24 | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 1.19 (0.82–1.72) |
| 25–29 | 0.82 (0.72–0.93) | 0.78 (0.67–0.91) | 0.89 (0.72–1.11) | 0.76 (0.50–1.15) |
| 30–34 | 0.72 (0.62–0.84) | 0.69 (0.58–0.82) | 0.81 (0.63–1.03) | 0.47 (0.41–1.07) |
| ≥35 | 0.66 (0.55–0.78) | 0.65 (0.53–0.79) | 0.70 (0.53–1.05) | 0.47 (0.26–0.84) |
| Maternal race (REF, black) | ||||
| Caucasian | 1.07 (0.98–1.15) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 1.69 (1.33–2.14) |
| Hispanic | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | 0.84 (0.62–1.02) | 1.64 (0.96–2.81) |
| Other/unknown | 0.94 (0.82–1.01) | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 0.80 (0.72–1.06) | 1.32 (0.87–2.00) |
| Cesarean section | 1.24 (1.16–1.33) | 1.23 (1.13–1.34) | 1.26 (1.12–1.41) | 1.31 (1.05–1.63) |
| Medical comorbiditye | 1.63 (1.52–1.75) | 1.40 (1.29–1.52) | 1.91 (1.71–2.13) | 3.10 (2.50–3.85) |
| Obesity | 1.34 (1.22–1.47) | 1.25 (1.12–1.40) | 1.47 (1.28–1.70) | 1.20 (0.91–1.59) |
| Preconception diabetesf | 1.30 (1.03–1.65) | 1.19 (0.89–1.60) | 1.49 (1.06–2.10) | 1.73 (0.95–3.14) |
| Chronic hypertension | 1.11 (0.99–1.13) | 1.12 (0.98–1.29) | 1.12 (0.93–1.34) | 1.23 (0.87–1.73) |
| Asthma | 1.43 (1.32–1.56) | 1.26 (1.14–1.40) | 1.55 (1.36–1.76) | 1.20 (1.76–2.72) |
| Substance abuse | 1.29 (1.14–1.47) | 1.22 (1.50–1.43) | 1.37 (1.13–1.66) | 1.58 (1.14–2.17) |
| Psychiatric diagnosisg | 1.46 (1.35–1.58) | 1.30 (1.18–1.43) | 1.63 (1.44–1.84) | 2.35 (1.90–2.92) |
| Received early prenatal care | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | 0.90 (0.72–1.14) |
| Attended postpartum obstetrics visit | 1.06 (0.99–1.25) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) |
| Attended postpartum PCP visit | 1.40 (1.31–1.50) | 1.28 (1.18–1.38) | 1.51 (1.36–1.68) | 2.30 (1.86–2.83) |
| Any preconception insurance coverage | 1.19 (1.10–1.28) | 1.14 (0.97–1.25) | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 1.42 (1.13–1.79) |
| Postpartum insurance coverage (REF, ≤90 days) | ||||
| 91–180 days | 1.74 (1.52–1.98) | 152 (1.30–1.78) | 2.22 (1.76–2.80) | 3.80 (2.25–6.41) |
| 180–365 days | 2.42 (2.23–2.61) | 1.98 (1.80–2.17) | 3.29 (2.84–3.81) | 6.76 (4.69–9.72) |
| Neighborhood proportion living below FPL,h (REF, tertile 1) | ||||
| Tertile 2 | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 1.03 (0.80–1.34) |
| Tertile 3 | 1.07 (0.99–1.17) | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 0.98 (0.74–1.28) |
| Delivery year | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) |
Boldface indicates statistically significant results at or below the level of p<0.05.
OR for pregnancy complication (gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension or preeclampsia): model adjusted for all covariates.
OR for gestational diabetes (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia not included): model adjusted for all covariates.
OR for preeclampsia (gestational diabetesand gestational hypertension not included): model adjusted for all covariates.
OR for preeclampsia (gestational diabetesand gestational hypertension not included): model adjusted for all covariates.
Model run with any medical comorbidity, and separately without any medical comorbidity to obtain OR for individual comorbidities.
Preconception diabetes diagnoses: Defined as any preconception diagnoses of diabetes.
Defined as any preconception or pregnancy-related diagnoses of mental illness. See Supplementary TableS1 for definitions.
Definitions according to 2000 U.S. Census, reported by zip code.
CI, 95% confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PCP, primary care physician; REF, reference group; SD, standard deviation.