Table 1. Comparison of patients with DVI with and without AKI.
| Parameters | Overall patients N = 667 | AKI group N = 95 | Non-AKI group N = 572 | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age groups | 0.008 1 ** | |||
| Adults (12–60 years) | 639 (95.8%) | 86 (90.5%) | 553 (96.7%) | |
| Elders (> 60 years) | 28 (4.2%) | 9 (9.5%) | 19 (3.3%) | |
| Gender | <0.001 1 ** | |||
| Male, n (%) | 378 (56.7%) | 71 (74.3%) | 307 (53.7%) | |
| Female, n (%) | 289 (43.3%) | 24 (25.7%) | 265 (46.3%) | |
| Resident | . | 0.422 | ||
| Urban | 403 (60.4%) | 54 (43.2%) | 349 (61%) | |
| Rural | 264 (39.6) | 41 (56.8%) | 223 (39%) | |
| Diagnosis | <0.001 4 ** | |||
| DF, n (%) | 588 (88.6%) | 58 (61%) | 530 (96.2%) | <0.001** |
| DHF, n (%) | 74 (10.6%) | 34 (35.8%) | 40 (7%) | <0.001** |
| DSS, n (%) | 5 (0.7%) | 3 (3.16%) | 2 (0.35%) | 0.005** |
| Presence of warning signs, n (%) | 271 (40.6%) | 49 (51.6%) | 222 (38.8%) | 0.020 1 ** |
| Onset of dengue infection | 0.003 1 ** | |||
| Primary, n (%) | 594 (89.1%) | 76 (80%) | 518 (90.5%) | |
| Secondary, n (%) | 73 (10.9%) | 19 (20%) | 54 (9.5%) | |
| Pre-Morbid Diseases | 119 (17.8%) | 34 (35.8%) | 85 (14.9%) | <0.001 4 ** |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 36 (5.4%) | 21 (22.1%) | 15 (2.6%) | <0.001** |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 35 (5.2%) | 15 (15.8%) | 20(3.5%) | <0.001** |
| CKD, n (%) | 33 (4.9%) | 7 (7.4%) | 26 (4.5%) | 0.245 |
| IHD, n (%) | 25 (3.7%) | 13 (13.7%) | 12 (2.1%) | <0.001** |
| CHF, n (%) | 2 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0.999 |
| HPL, n (%) | 8 (1.2%) | 4 (1.05%) | 4 (0.7%) | 0.01** |
| Temperature > 38 C° | 220 (33%) | 31 (32.6%) | 189 (33%) | 0.706 |
| Co-infection, n (%) | 55 (8.2%) | 8 (8.4%) | 47 (8.25%) | 0.947 |
| Hospitalization > 3 days, n (%) | 338 (49.2%) | 62 (65.3%) | 276 (48.3%) | 0.002** |
| Use of nephrotoxic drugs, n (%) | 112 (16.8%) | 50 (52.6%) | 62 (10.8%) | <0.001** |
| Need of blood transfusion, n (%) | 39 (5.8%) | 7 (7.4%) | 32 (5.6%) | 0.496 |
| Hypokalemia, n (%) | 169 (25.3%) | 20 (21%) | 139 (24.3%) | 0.309 |
| Hyponatremia, n (%) | 258 (38.7%) | 43 (45.3%) | 215 (37.6%) | 0.175 |
| Oliguria, n (%) | 295 (44.2%) | 48 (50.5%) | 247 (43.2%) | 0.186 |
| Thrombocytopenia, n (%) | 394 (59.1%) | 62 (65.3%) | 332 (58%) | 0.217 |
| Transaminitis, n (%) | 360 (54%) | 63 (66.3%) | 297 (51.9%) | 0.005 1 ** |
| Respiratory failure, n (%) | 11 (1.6%) | 2 (2.1%) | 9 (1.6%) | 0.707 |
| Rhabdomyolysis, n (%) | 49 (7.4%) | 34 (35.8%) | 15 (2.62%) | <0.001 2 ** |
| Multiple organ dysfunctions, n (%) | 93 (14%) | 82 (86.3%) | 11 (2%) | <0.001 3 ** |
| Prolonged PT, n (%) | 229 (33.6%) | 43 (45.3%) | 186 (32.5%) | 0.015** |
| Prolonged aPTT, n (%) | 159 (23.8%) | 20 (21%) | 139 (24.3%) | 0.128 |
| Urinary Sedimentations | ||||
| Proteinuria, n (%) | 88 (13.2%) | 26 (27.4%) | 62 (10.8%) | <0.001 1 ** |
| Hematuria, n (%) | 12 (1.8%) | 6 (6.3%) | 6 (1%) | 0.002 1 ** |
| Glycosuria, n (%) | 29 (4.3%) | 8 (8.4%) | 21 (3.7%) | 0.041** |
| Urine pus, n (%) | 23 (3.4%) | 9 (9.5%) | 14 (2.4%) | 0.001 1 ** |
| Urinary epithelia cells, n (%) | 15 (2.2%) | 8 (8.4%) | 7 (1.2%) | <0.001 1 ** |
| Mortality, n (%) | 8 (1.2%) | 8 (8.4%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001** |
Multiple organ dysfunctions is referred as dysfunction of ≥2 organ systems; DF: dengue fever, DHF: dengue hemorrhagic fever, DSS: dengue shock syndrome; CKD: chronic kidney disease, IHD: ischemic heart disease, DM: diabetes mellitus, CHF: congestive heart failure; HPL: hyperlipidemia, PT: prothrombin time, aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time
*Fisher exact test, student t test or Mann-Whitney U test, where appropriate
**Significant
1Phi coefficient (0.1–0.29)
2Phi coefficient (0.3–0.49)
3Phi coefficient (0.5–1.0)
4Cramer`s V coefficient (0.3–0.49)