Table 2.
Infant diet predictors of creatinine-adjusted urinary F2-isoprostane concentrations in healthy DAISY children (1,246 observations, 328 subjects)
| Infant Diet Characteristic | Mean Duration or Age at First Exposure (SD) |
Adjusted Estimate At All Agesa (95% CI) |
Adjusted Estimate After Age 2a (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exclusive breastfeeding duration (months) | 1.4 (1.8) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.04) | −0.04 (−0.11, 0.03) |
| Breastfeeding duration (months) | 6.5 (7.0) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.005) |
| Breast-milk months | 4.2 (3.4) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) |
| Age at first exposure to cow’s milk (months) | 4.0 (3.6) | −0.005 (−0.04, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) |
| Age at first exposure to any solid food (months) | 4.5 (1.4)b | −0.10 (−0.18, −0.02)* | −0.11 (−0.19, −0.03)* |
| Age at first exposure to any cereal (wheat/barley/oats/rice) (months) | 4.6 (1.4) | −0.10 (−0.17, −0.02)* | −0.10 (−0.18, −0.03)* |
| Age at first exposure to foods containing wheat/barley (months) | 6.9 (1.9) | −0.04 (−0.10, 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.10, 0.01) |
| Age at first exposure to foods containing rice/oat (months) | 4.7 (1.5) | −0.07 (−0.14, 0.01) | −0.08 (−0.15, −0.005)* |
| Age at first exposure to fruit, excluding fruit juice (months) | 5.8 (1.5) | −0.06 (−0.13, 0.01) | −0.06 (−0.13, 0.02) |
| Age at first exposure to vegetables (months) | 6.0 (1.4) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.06) | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.05) |
| Age at first exposure to meat (months) | 9.3 (3.1) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.005)* | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.003)* |
| Breastfeeding at Food Introduction Variables | n (%) Breastfed at Food Introduction | ||
| Breastfeeding at introduction of solid foods | 188 (56.5%) | −0.24 (−0.47 −0.01)* | −0.26 (−0.50, −0.03)* |
| Breastfeeding at introduction of cereal (wheat/barley/oats/rice) | 186 (55.9%) | −0.22 (−0.45, 0.01) | −0.24 (−0.47, −0.01)* |
| Breastfeeding at introduction of wheat/barley | 147 (44.1%) | −0.12 (−0.35, 0.10) | −0.13 (−0.36, 0.09) |
a
Adjusted for age, age2, HLA-DR3/4, DQB1*0302, first-degree relative with T1D, sex, maternal education, maternal
age, and exposure to maternal cigarette smoke in utero.
b
The mean age at first exposure to any solid food is less than the means of its components because 13 children were introduced to cheese before any cereal.
*
P value < 0.05.