Table 3.
Baseline characteristics and risk factors of those who were prenatally diagnosed (N=420).
| Weekend admission (N=46) | Weekday admission (N=374) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 33 (72%) | 226 (60%) | 0.2 |
| Gestational age, (weeks), mean ±SD | 37.5±2.1 | 38.1±1.5 | 0.04 |
| Birth weight, (kg), mean±SD | 2.91±0.65 | 3.11±0.53 | <0.05 |
| Birth weight <2.5 kg | 13 (28%) | 52 (14%) | 0.02 |
| APGAR at 1 minute, median (IQR) | 8 (7,8) | 8(8,9) | 0.4 |
| APGAR at 5 minutes, median (IQR) | 9 (8,9) | 9(8,9) | 0.3 |
| Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome | 41 (89%) | 326 (87%) | 0.8 |
| Genetic syndrome present | 2 (4%) | 15 (4%) | 0.2 |
| Unknown/no genetic evaluation | 20 (44%) | 115 (31%) | |
| Non-syndromic abnormality present | 5 (11%) | 79 (21%) | 0.1 |
| Unknown/no evaluation | 20 (44%) | 114 (31%) | |
| Age at Norwood, (days), median (IQR) | 4 (3,5) | 5 (3,6) | 0.7 |
| Center volume, per year, median (IQR) | 27.5 (18.9, 49.6) | 27.5 (17.1, 32.2) | 0.6 |
| Center volume | 0.2 | ||
| ≤15/yr | 4 (9%) | 60 (16%) | |
| 16–20/yr | 13 (28%) | 66 (18%) | |
| 21–30/yr | 12 (26%) | 122 (32.6%) | |
| >30/yr | 17 (37%) | 126 (34%) | |
| Surgeon volume, per year, median, IQR | 12.3 (8.2,13.6) | 12.6 (7.1,13.6) | 0.6 |
| Surgeon Norwood volume | 0.5 | ||
| ≤5/yr | 5 (11%) | 68 (18%) | |
| 6–10/yr | 13 (28%) | 78 (21%) | |
| 11–15/yr | 22 (48%) | 167 (45%) | |
| >15/yr | 6 (13%) | 61 (16%) | |
| Risk factors | |||
| Preoperative highest lactate, (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 3.1 (2.3,4.4) | 3.1 (2.4,4.0) | 0.7 |
| Preoperative intubation | 25 (54%) | 147 (39%) | 0.06 |
| Intubation due to apnea or transport | 8 (17%) | 64 (17%) | >0.9 |
| Intubation due to shock, respiratory failure, or metabolic acidosis | 13 (28%) | 55 (15%) | 0.03 |
| Preoperative intervention for atrial septum | 1 (2%) | 15 (4%) | >0.9 |
| Composite indicator for preoperative shock/arrest | 1 (2%) | 15 (4%) | 0.5 |
| Preoperative TR ≥2.5 mm | 4 (9%) | 35 (10%) | >0.9 |
| ECMO used in OR | 1 (2%) | 26 (7%) | 0.3 |
| ECMO during Norwood hospitalization | 7 (15%) | 62 (17%) | >0.9 |
| Delayed sternal closure | 34 (76%) | 290 (78%) | 0.7 |
| Delayed sternal closure | 0.6 | ||
| Yes, non-elective | 16 (36%) | 161 (43%) | |
| No, primary closure | 11 (24%) | 82 (22%) | |
| Norwood perfusion type | 0.9 | ||
| DHCA only | 24 (53%) | 207 (56%) | |
| RCP and DHCA≤10 min | 11 (24%) | 83 (23%) | |
| RCP and DHCA≥10min | 10 (22%) | 80 (21%) | |
| Total support time, (min), mean±SD | 135±40 | 143±53 | 0.2 |
| Total DHCA time, (min), mean±SD | 28±19 | 32±23 | 0.2 |
| DHCA time ≤ 45 min | 35 (76%) | 277 (74%) | 0.9 |
| Total RCP time, (min), mean±SD | 25±29 | 23±29 | 0.7 |
| Infection prior to discharge | 16 (35%) | 150 (40%) | 0.5 |
| Number of other surgical procedures during Norwood hospitalization, median (IQR) | 1 (1,2) | 1 (1,2) | 0.9 |
APGAR – Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration, DHCA – deep hypothermic cardiac arrest, ECMO – extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, IQR – interquartile range, kg – kilograms, min – minutes, OR – operating room, RCP – regional cerebral perfusion, SD – standard deviation, Yr – year