Table 1.
Anthropometric and personal data of participants in all study groups
| Variable | Case–control metabolic study | Case–control MRI/MRS study | p values for one-way ANOVA of four study groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnant lean | Pregnant obese | Non-pregnant lean | Non-pregnant obese | Pregnant lean | Pregnant obese | Lean | Obese | |
| n | 6 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 10 | ||
| Gestation at recruitment (days) | 133 (130–140) |
133 (129–139) |
N/A | N/A | 258 (254–261) |
256 (252–258) |
||
| Age (years) | 35 ± 0.7a,b | 27 ± 1.2*** | 25.9 ± 0.7 | 34.4 ± 1.9 | 32.5 ± 1.2 | 28.4 ± 1.1* | <0.0001 | 0.02 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 (22.6–24.5) |
41.2*** (38.8–44.8) |
22.2 (21.3–23.7) |
41.8 (36.6–45.2) |
26.3 (24.9–28.8) |
45.6*** (42.9–49.1) |
0.46 | 0.33 |
| Weight (kg) | 63.6 (60.3–67.1) |
115.6*** (113.0–124.0) |
60.4 (57.9–65.6) |
111.4 (96.4–116.8) |
74.2 (65.8–81.2) |
118.7*** (112.1–135.7) |
0.84 | 0.48 |
| Height (m) | 1.65 (1.60–1.67) |
1.68 (1.60–1.72) |
1.66 (1.63–1.67) |
1.63 (1.59–1.68) |
1.67 (1.60–1.69) |
1.64 (1.60–1.66) |
0.18 | 0.54 |
| Waist (cm) | 85a
(80–98) |
116*** (113–119) |
74 (71–76) |
115 (112–124) |
N/A | N/A | 0.003 | 0.99 |
| Parity (0/1/>2; %) | 17/83/0a | 45/55/0 | 100/0/0c | 20/40/60 | 60/30/10 | 30/40/30 | 0.005 | 0.40 |
| Ethnicity (n[%]white) | 6 (100) |
9 (100) |
7 (100) |
7 (100) |
10 (100) |
10 (100) |
0.81 | 0.67 |
| Current smoker (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0.90 | 0.51 |
| Social class (DEPCAT code) | 2 ± 0 | 4 ± 0** | 3 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 | 3 ± 0 | 4 ± 0* | 0.14 | 0.95 |
Data are means ± SEM or median (IQR)
One-way ANOVA analyses were performed separately in lean control participants and obese participants from the four study groups (waist circumference in three study groups), which included (1) the longitudinal study (data not shown above—anthropometry demonstrated in Table 2); ethnicity 96% white in lean and obese groups; current smokers: 2% vs 11%** and DEPCAT code 3 ± 1 vs 4 ± 1*** in lean and obese groups; (2) the case–control study with pregnant participants and (3) case–control study with non-pregnant participants, and (4) MRI study with pregnant participants studied in late gestation only. Post hoc testing was carried out between the obese and lean control participants within the study groups and differences denoted:
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
Post hoc testing was done between the obese participants in all the studies and the lean control participants in all the studies:
aPregnant case–control study vs non-pregnant
bPregnant case–control metabolic study vs pregnant case–control MRI study
cNon-pregnant vs pregnant case–control MRI study
There were no statistical differences between the following groups:
Pregnant longitudinal study vs pregnant case–control metabolic study
Pregnant longitudinal study vs non-pregnant
Pregnant longitudinal study vs pregnant case–control MRI study
DEPCAT code, deprivation category score (greater score indicates greater economic deprivation)