Table 4.
Lifetime-ever clinical features of participants with bipolar disorder categorised according to risk of problem gambling
| Risk of problem gambling |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate or severe (n = 67)a |
No or low risk (n = 568)a |
U or χ2 | P | |
| Clinical features, n (%) | ||||
| DSM-IV diagnosis | ||||
| Bipolar disorder type 1 | 40 (60) | 409 (72) | χ2 = 4.382 | 0.036* |
| Bipolar disorder type 2 | 27 (40) | 159 (28) | ||
| Polarity of first affective episode | ||||
| Depression | 48 (84) | 328 (76) | χ2 = 1.945 | 0.184 |
| (Hypo)mania | 9 (16) | 104 (24) | ||
| History of rapid cycling | 20 (56) | 125 (33) | χ2 = 7.038 | 0.010* |
| History of psychotic features | 33 (62) | 298 (62) | χ2=0.000 | 1.000 |
| History of suicidal ideation or attempt | 59 (94) | 433 (79) | χ2 = 7.604 | 0.004** |
| History of alcohol misuse | 35 (61) | 225 (47) | χ2 = 4.012 | 0.050* |
| History of smoking | 43 (72) | 263 (52) | χ2 = 8.029 | 0.006** |
| History of non-prescription drug misuse | 21 (32) | 138 (26) | χ2 = 1.262 | 0.297 |
| Clinical features: median (IQR, range) | ||||
| Age at onset of illness, years | 17 (7, 8–43) | 21 (11, 5–68) | U = 12192.0 | <0.001*** |
| Number of episodes of (hypo)mania | 10 (16, 1–100) | 6 (9, 1–100) | U = 14348.5 | 0.044* |
| Number of episodes of depression | 8 (15, 1–100) | 8 (16, 0–100) | U = 14922.0 | 0.335 |
| GAS score | ||||
| Worst episode of mood elevation | 45 (20, 10–60) | 33 (30, 9–65) | U = 13758.0 | 0.004** |
| Worst episode of depression | 40 (15, 18–55) | 40 (12, 3–71) | U = 15308.5 | 0.663 |
GAS, Global Assessment Scale; IQR, interquartile range.
a.
Numbers vary because of missing data.
*
P<0.05
**
P<0.01
***
P<0.001.