Table 3.
Association between dietary factors and atopic wheeze, past year wheeze, lifetime asthma, SPT positivity and BHR
| Atopic wheezea | Past year wheezea | Lifetime asthmaa | SPT positivitya | BHRa | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Soft drink intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
| Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| 1–2 times/week | 1.05 | 0.70 to 1.58 | 1.00 | 0.72 to 1.38 | 1.07 | 0.82 to 1.40 | 1.18 | 0.98 to 1.43 | 1.10 | 0.82 to 1.47 |
| ≥ 3 times/week | 0.89 | 0.57 to 1.39 | 0.88 | 0.62 to 1.26 | 1.03 | 0.77 to 1.37 | 0.99 | 0.81 to 1.22 | 0.94 | 0.68 to 1.30 |
| p-value | 0.839 | 0.562 | 0.615 | 0.062 | 0.192 | |||||
| Fruit juice intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
| Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| 1–2 times/week | 0.76 | 0.53 to 1.09 | 0.97 | 0.72 to 1.30 | 1.02 | 0.81 to 1.29 | 0.94 | 0.79 to 1.11 | 1.01 | 0.77 to 1.31 |
| ≥ 3 times/week | 0.66 | 0.43 to 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.64 to 1.24 | 0.73 | 0.55 to 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.79 to 1.15 | 1.15 | 0.87 to 1.53 |
| p-value | 0.007 | 0.275 | 0.054 | 0.492 | 0.793 | |||||
| Cooked vegetable intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
| Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| 1–2 times/week | 0.99 | 0.55 to 1.79 | 1.19 | 0.76 to 1.87 | 1.02 | 0.70 to 1.49 | 0.88 | 0.66 to 1.16 | 1.06 | 0.71 to 1.59 |
| ≥ 3 times/week | 0.98 | 0.66 to 1.45 | 0.94 | 0.68 to 1.29 | 1.10 | 0.86 to 1.40 | 1.05 | 0.88 to 1.26 | 0.77 | 0.57 to 0.94 |
| p-value | 0.078 | 0.170 | 0.102 | 0.775 | 0.009 | |||||
| Raw vegetable intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
| Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| 1–2 times/week | 1.05 | 0.68 to 1.63 | 0.98 | 0.69 to 1.40 | 0.94 | 0.70 to 1.25 | 0.99 | 0.81 to 1.21 | 1.05 | 0.76 to 1.44 |
| ≥ 3 times/week | 1.07 | 0.75 to 1.54 | 1.05 | 0.78 to 1.41 | 1.11 | 0.87 to 1.40 | 1.03 | 0.87 to 1.22 | 1.15 | 0.88 to 1.48 |
| p-value | 0.094 | 0.682 | 0.532 | 0.428 | 0.645 | |||||
| Fruit intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
| Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| 1–2 times/week | 1.06 | 0.72 to 1.56 | 1.15 | 0.84 to 1.58 | 1.10 | 0.85 to 1.41 | 0.98 | 0.82 to 1.17 | 1.20 | 0.90 to 1.59 |
| ≥ 3 times/week | 1.06 | 0.71 to 1.57 | 1.17 | 0.85 to 1.62 | 0.99 | 0.77 to 1.29 | 1.11 | 0.93 to 1.33 | 1.31 | 0.99 to 1.74 |
| p-value | 0.109 | 0.670 | 0.351 | 0.592 | 0.468 | |||||
| Red meat intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
| Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| 1–2 times/week | 1.35 | 1.05 to 1.68 | 1.03 | 0.69 to 1.52 | 0.84 | 0.60 to 1.18 | 0.94 | 0.74 to 1.19 | 1.26 | 0.89 to 1.80 |
| ≥ 3 times/week | 0.83 | 0.59 to 1.16 | 0,89 | 0.68 to 1.18 | 0.93 | 0.75 to 1.16 | 0.96 | 0.83 to 1.12 | 1.25 | 0.98 to 1.59 |
| p-value | 0.022 | 0.587 | 0.261 | 0.546 | 0.074 | |||||
| Fish intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
| Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| 1–2 times/week | 2.78 | 0.66 to 11.61 | 0.75 | 0.53 to 0.93 | 1.11 | 0.61 to 2.03 | 1.05 | 0.69 to 1.61 | 1.44 | 0.69 to 3.02 |
| ≥ 3 times/week | 2.46 | 0.57 to 10.51 | 1.25 | 0.54 to 2.89 | 1.22 | 0.65 to 2.26 | 1.03 | 0.66 to 1.60 | 1.67 | 0.78 to 3.57 |
| p-value | 0.042 | 0.028 | 0.789 | 0.882 | 0.524 | |||||
| Dairy product intake (N) | 5200 | 2322 | 6089 | 5902 | 5954 | |||||
| Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| 1–2 times/week | 0.66 | 0.23 to 1.84 | 0.79 | 0.40 to 1.56 | 1.06 | 0.62 to 1.82 | 1.03 | 0.70 to 1.51 | 0.64 | 0.32 to 1.28 |
| ≥ 3 times/week | 0.70 | 0.28 to 1.78 | 0.72 | 0.37 to 1.38 | 0.99 | 0.58 to 1.69 | 0.70 | 0.46 to 1.05 | 0.97 | 0.54 to 1.74 |
| p-value | <0.001 | 0.186 | 0.985 | 0.428 | 0.271 | |||||
| Fast food consumption (N) | 4635 | 2198 | 5809 | 5165 | 5211 | |||||
| Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| 1–2 times/week | 0.36 | 0.07 to 1.86 | 1.68 | 0.17 to 15.92 | 1.27 | 0.15 to 10.21 | 3.46 | 0.43 to 27.52 | 0.85 | 0.10 to 6.82 |
| ≥ 3 times/week | 0.53 | 0.09 to 2.95 | 1.96 | 0.19 to 19.38 | 1.47 | 0.17 to 12.18 | 2.89 | 0.35 to 23.52 | 0.92 | 0.11 to 7.75 |
| p-value | 0.715 | 0.643 | 0.302 | 0.407 | 0.079 | |||||
| Canteen lunch (N) | 4817 | 2300 | 6046 | 5371 | 5414 | |||||
| Never/occasionally | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| 1–2 times/week | 0.57 | 0.37 to 0.88 | 0.72 | 0.52 to 0.99 | 0.80 | 0.62 to 1.03 | 0.83 | 0.69 to 0.99 | 0.82 | 0.71 to 0.91 |
| ≥ 3 times/week | 0.93 | 0.64 to 1.37 | 0.88 | 0.63 to 1.22 | 0.78 | 0.60 to 1.03 | 0.88 | 0.73 to 1.06 | 1.07 | 0.81 to 1.42 |
| p-value | <0.001 | 0.014 | 0.011 | <0.001 | 0.005 | |||||
SPT Skin Prick Test, BHR Bronchial hyper-responsiveness
aAdjusted for gender, place of residence, parental atopic disease, number of siblings (0, 1–2, ≥3), maternal education, parental ethnic origins, breastfeeding, day care center or nursery, overweight and obesity and current exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)