Table 7.

Treatment regimens for FBSS

Treatment category	Treatment sub-category	Treatment name	Counts	% (n=115)
Non-interventional and non-pharmacological treatments	Physical rehabilitation	Physiotherapy	102	89
		Exercise programmes	91	79
		Graded activity	81	70
		Advice regarding pacing	91	79
		Physical rehabilitation – other	16	14
	Psychological rehabilitation	Cognitive–behavioural therapy	88	77
		Psychological support	78	68
		Psychological rehabilitation – other	21	18
	Combined physical/psychological rehabilitation	Pain management programmes	99	86
		Functional restoration programmes	28	24
		Other combined rehabilitation	8	7
	Other non-interventional and non-pharmacological treatments	Chiropractor	1	1
		Massage	9	8
		Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation	85	74
		Osteopathy	4	4
		Non-interventional and non-pharmacological – other	14	12
Interventional and non-pharmacological treatments		Revision surgery	17	15
		Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation	8	7
		Acupuncture	63	55
		Radiofrequency denervation	66	57
		Spinal cord stimulation	45	39
		Interventional and non-pharmacological – other	24	20
Pharmacologic treatments	Systematic drug therapy	Paracetamol	100	87
		COX2 inhibitor	56	49
		Antidepressants	106	92
		Sodium channel blockers	49	43
		Non-steroidal	68	59
		Strong opioids	94	82
		Anticonvulsants	104	90
		Moderate opioids	101	88
		Systematic drug therapy – other	19	17
	Injection techniques	Lumbar epidural steroid injections	76	66
		Facet joint injections	76	66
		Epidural endoscopy and adhesiolysis	14	12
		Selective nerve root block	82	71
		Injection technique – other	11	10
	Intrathecal drug delivery		15	13