Table 2.
Bivariate associations between sociodemographic characteristics and dependent variables
| Overuse | Underuse | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General overuse a problem | Personal experiences with overuse | Cost-related overuse | Experiences with physicians protecting against overuse | General underuse a problem | Personal experiences with underuse | Cost-related underuse | ||||||||
| Major problem (%) | Minor/no problem (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) | Major problem (%) | Minor/no problem (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) | Yes (%) | No (%) | |
| Overall distribution | 50.0 | 50.0 | 13.9 | 86.1 | 8.0 | 92.0 | 8.5 | 91.5 | 66.4 | 33.6 | 11.1 | 88.9 | 8.5 | 91.5 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 46.8 | 53.2 | 13.3 | 86.7 | 5.5 | 94.5 | 7.2 | 92.8 | 61.7 | 38.3 | 9.6 | 90.4 | 6.8 | 93.2 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 56.9 | 43.1 | 15.8 | 84.2 | 19.5 | 80.5 | 11.2 | 88.8 | 84.4 | 15.6 | 16.7 | 83.3 | 15.4 | 84.6 |
| Hispanic | 62.3 | 37.7 | 10.6 | 89.4 | 9.9 | 90.1 | 11.4 | 88.6 | 80.3 | 19.7 | 11.4 | 88.6 | 11.5 | 88.5 |
| Non-Hispanic Others | 54.8 | 45.2 | 33.3 | 66.7 | 23.3 | 76.7 | 27.3 | 72.7 | 60.6 | 39.4 | 21.2 | 78.8 | 15.2 | 84.8 |
| p-value | 0.029 | 0.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | 0.026 | 0.002 | |||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||
| Male | 50.7 | 49.3 | 14.0 | 86.0 | 8.0 | 92.0 | 6.5 | 93.5 | 59.9 | 40.1 | 8.0 | 92.0 | 8.1 | 91.9 |
| Female | 49.0 | 51.0 | 13.8 | 86.2 | 8.0 | 92.0 | 10.0 | 90.0 | 71.6 | 28.4 | 13.5 | 86.5 | 8.8 | 91.2 |
| p-value | 0.295 | 0.979 | 0.679 | 0.021 | <.001 | <.001 | 0.731 | |||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||||
| 18–29 | 53.8 | 46.2 | 25.3 | 74.7 | 10.4 | 89.6 | 14.1 | 85.9 | 77.9 | 22.1 | 24.4 | 75.6 | 7.8 | 92.2 |
| 30–49 | 46.1 | 53.9 | 14.5 | 85.5 | 9.6 | 90.4 | 9.7 | 90.3 | 66.5 | 33.5 | 14.3 | 85.7 | 10.8 | 89.2 |
| 50–64 | 50.1 | 49.9 | 14.0 | 86.0 | 7.8 | 92.2 | 9.9 | 90.1 | 69.6 | 30.4 | 12.1 | 87.9 | 10.0 | 90.0 |
| 65+ | 52.4 | 47.6 | 11.0 | 89.0 | 5.8 | 94.2 | 4.3 | 95.7 | 60.7 | 39.3 | 3.8 | 96.2 | 4.4 | 95.6 |
| p-value | 0.815 | <.001 | 0.485 | 0.003 | 0.009 | <.001 | 0.100 | |||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||||
| Attended high school | 65.1 | 34.9 | 14.2 | 85.8 | 12.3 | 87.7 | 10.4 | 89.6 | 70.2 | 29.8 | 15.4 | 84.6 | 9.2 | 90.8 |
| Graduated high school | 54.7 | 45.3 | 12.2 | 87.8 | 9.7 | 90.3 | 7.2 | 92.8 | 71.5 | 28.5 | 12.4 | 87.6 | 9.2 | 90.8 |
| Attended college | 47.6 | 52.4 | 15.8 | 84.2 | 7.7 | 92.3 | 11.6 | 88.4 | 69.5 | 30.5 | 13.1 | 86.9 | 10.6 | 89.4 |
| Graduated college | 44.2 | 55.8 | 14.0 | 86.0 | 6.1 | 93.9 | 7.1 | 92.9 | 60.8 | 39.2 | 8.1 | 91.9 | 6.8 | 93.2 |
| p-value | <.001 | 0.063 | 0.293 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.058 | |||||||
| Family income | ||||||||||||||
| <$50,000 | 54.8 | 45.2 | 13.6 | 86.4 | 10.0 | 90.0 | 9.8 | 90.2 | 73.5 | 26.5 | 13.5 | 86.5 | 10.5 | 89.5 |
| $50,000+ | 46.2 | 53.8 | 15.1 | 84.9 | 5.7 | 94.3 | 7.0 | 93.0 | 60.5 | 39.5 | 7.7 | 92.3 | 6.4 | 93.6 |
| p-value | 0.032 | 0.211 | 0.003 | 0.012 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |||||||
| Self-reported health | ||||||||||||||
| Excellent | 53.2 | 46.8 | 13.6 | 86.4 | 6.4 | 93.6 | 3.9 | 96.1 | 54.7 | 45.3 | 5.8 | 94.2 | 3.5 | 96.5 |
| Very good | 46.3 | 53.7 | 10.8 | 89.2 | 4.7 | 95.3 | 7.5 | 92.5 | 62.8 | 37.2 | 7.8 | 92.3 | 7.8 | 92.2 |
| Good | 46.2 | 53.8 | 13.5 | 86.5 | 8.6 | 91.4 | 9.4 | 90.6 | 69.5 | 30.5 | 10.5 | 89.5 | 7.6 | 92.4 |
| Fair/Poor | 56.7 | 43.3 | 19.1 | 80.9 | 13.5 | 86.5 | 12.3 | 87.7 | 76.5 | 23.5 | 20.3 | 79.7 | 14.6 | 85.4 |
| p-value | 0.521 | 0.007 | 0.085 | 0.003 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |||||||
| Insurance status | ||||||||||||||
| Uninsured | 51.7 | 48.3 | 13.9 | 86.1 | 10.9 | 89.1 | 12.3 | 87.7 | 81.5 | 18.5 | 27.9 | 72.1 | 16.7 | 83.3 |
| Insured | 49.4 | 50.6 | 13.9 | 86.1 | 7.7 | 92.3 | 8.0 | 92.0 | 64.7 | 35.3 | 9.2 | 90.8 | 7.5 | 92.5 |
| p-value | 0.148 | 0.380 | 0.894 | 0.144 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | |||||||