Table 3.

Factors determining hospital length of stay – regression results, Average Partial Effects (APEs)

	Pooled (F20-F31) (1)		Schizophrenia (F20) (2)		Psychotic and schizoaffective disorder (F21-F29) (3)		Manic and bipolar disorder (F30-F31) (4)
Variable	APE	SE	APE	SE	APE	SE	APE	SE
Main diagnosis
Schizophrenia (F20)	(base category)		(base category)
Schizotypal disorder (F21)	−4.16	0.71***			(base category)
Persistent delusional disorder (F22)	−19.56	1.04***			−2.12	2.86
Acute and transient psychotic disorder (F23)	−11.57	4.69*			−17.20	2.15***
Induced delusional disorder (F24)	0.75	0.52			−9.34	5.65
Schizoaffective disorders (F25)	−11.67	2.32***			3.78	3.18
Other nonorganic psychotic disorders (F28)	−11.42	1.10***			−9.29	3.79*
Unspecified nonorganic psychosis (F29)	−6.36	0.48***			−9.03	2.69***
Manic episode (F30)	−3.02	2.80					(base category)
Bipolar affective disorder (F31)	−12.57	1.01***					7.42	1.27***
Patient demographics and clinical characteristics
Age 25-34	−1.63	0.61**	−1.72	0.81*	−0.93	1.13	−2.64	1.44
Age 35-44	−3.54	0.53***	−3.84	0.76***	−3.68	1.10***	−3.65	1.37**
Age 45-54	−2.25	0.59***	−3.22	0.98***	−2.25	1.00*	−0.66	1.42
Age 55-64	1.64	0.63**	−0.49	0.98	4.56	1.35***	4.31	1.80*
Age 65-74	10.88	1.23***	6.21	1.60***	14.39	2.33***	18.55	3.01***
Age 75 and over	18.64	1.57***	11.60	2.45***	25.57	3.84***	27.45	3.73***
Male	−0.41	0.38	−1.35	0.53*	−0.62	0.62	0.72	0.77
Detained	15.98	1.17***	19.48	1.81***	14.72	2.26***	16.51	1.76***
Ethnicity: mixed	2.31	0.99*	0.57	1.49	3.65	1.80*	7.74	3.45*
Ethnicity: Asian	0.69	0.64	0.68	0.82	1.92	1.42	−0.45	0.89
Ethnicity: black	4.46	0.63***	5.28	0.93***	3.99	1.25**	4.88	1.70**
Ethnicity: unknown or missing	−0.77	0.72	0.10	1.21	−0.81	1.17	−2.31	1.87
Patient has a carer	3.16	1.14**	3.19	1.35*	1.44	1.64	5.50	2.22*
Patient was previously treated for mental health issues	−1.00	0.76	−2.51	0.94**	0.15	0.94	0.41	1.22
MH benefit claimants - 2nd quintile	0.63	0.41	−0.07	0.62	1.12	0.94	1.32	0.75
MH benefit claimants - 3rd quintile	1.41	0.47**	0.59	0.67	1.24	1.00	3.14	0.97**
MH benefit claimants - 4th quintile	2.43	0.78**	1.41	0.99	1.75	1.28	5.76	1.09***
MH benefit claimants - 5th quintile	2.65	0.68***	1.11	0.88	3.03	1.34*	6.08	1.13***
Number of comorbidities	1.17	0.33***	1.04	0.35**	1.29	0.36***	1.53	0.53**
Alcohol and substance misuse	−4.21	0.67***	−4.96	1.05***	−2.40	1.38	−5.10	1.50***
Co-morbid personality disorder	−7.81	1.30***	−9.14	2.19***	−7.18	2.91*	−9.46	2.19***
Discharge
Self-discharged	−19.99	1.85***	−19.24	2.48***	−20.37	3.11***	−29.17	2.76***
Died in hospital	−3.30	1.64*	−3.56	2.73	−0.96	4.12	−6.03	3.09
Access to care
Urban	0.41	0.61	−0.10	0.91	0.67	1.02	1.20	1.06
% residents of local community in psychiatric establishment	−0.04	0.41	0.11	0.52	0.01	1.30	−0.41	0.87
Ability to access GP within 48 h	−0.54	1.12	0.10	1.73	−2.74	2.68	0.10	2.79
Care plan developed in primary care	−1.01	0.95	−2.18	1.57	2.92	2.16	−1.70	2.23
Time effects
Year 2007	−1.18	0.97	−1.25	1.17	−1.27	1.45	−1.77	1.34
Year 2008	0.22	0.86	0.49	1.06	−0.44	1.19	0.43	1.37
Year 2009	−1.47	0.99	−1.34	1.33	−2.30	1.20	−1.79	1.33
Year 2010	−3.08	1.15**	−3.50	1.45*	−3.67	1.44*	−3.22	1.78
Pseudo-R2	0.061		0.046		0.091		0.050
N	89,510		38,216		21,415		29,879

Note: Evaluated at the mean of the estimated hospital effects. Interaction effects are subsumed into main effects. Pseudo-R² are based on model with standard errors clustered at hospital level but no hospital fixed effects

* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001