Table 2.

Modulation of radiation-induced cytogenetic damage by various medicinal plants

Name of plant	Family	Doses		Animal/tissue studied	Cytogenetic parametersstudied	References
		Plant extract dose	Radiation dose
Adhatoda vasica	Acanthaceae	800 mg/kg bwt orally	8 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Chromosomal aberrations	17
Aegle marmelos	Rutaceae	1.25–100 μg/mL treatment in culture 0–300 mg/kg bwt orally	3 Gy 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Gy	Human peripheral blood lymphocytes Mouse bone marrow cells	Micronuclei frequency Frequency of MnPCE	18 19
Alstonia scholaris	Apocynaceae	100 mg/kg bwt orally	2.5 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Chromosomal damage and micronuclei	20
Allium sativum	Amaryllidaceae	25–500 mg/kg bwt orally 25–100 mg/kg bwt orally	0.5, 1, and 2 Gy Mitomycin C 1.5 mg/kg bwt ip	Mouse bone marrow cells Mouse bone marrow cells	Micronucleus test Chromosomal aberrations	21 22
Aphanamixis polystachya	Meliaceae	7.5 mg/kg bwt orally	1–5 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Chromosomal aberrations	23
Brassica campestris	Brassicaceae	50–250 mg/kg bwt orally	0.5–4 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Micronuclei frequency	24
Biophytum sensitivum	Oxalidaceae	50 mg/kg bwt ip	6 Gy	Swiss albino mice	Hemopoietic damage and immunomodulation	25
Bixa orellana	Bixaceae	500–1,000 mg/kg bwt ip	2 and 4 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Chromosomal aberrations	26
Citrus aurantium	Rutaceae	250 mg/kg ip	1.5 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Clastogenic effect	27
Coleus aromaticus	Lamiaceae	5 μg/mL treatment in culture	0.5, 1, 2, and 4 Gy	V79 cells	Clastogenic effect	28
Crataegus microphylla	Rosaceae	200 mg/kg bwt ip	2 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Frequency of MnPCE	29
Crotalaria retusa	Fabaceae	0.3–2.5 gm/kg bwt ip	Cyclophosphamide	Mouse bone marrow cells	Chromosomal aberrations	30
Crotalaria mucronata			20 mg/kg bwt ip
Cynodon dactylon	Poaceae	40 and 50 μg/mL treatment in culture	0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Gy	V79 cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes	Micronuclei frequency	31
Ginkgo biloba	Ginkgoaceae	100 μg/mL treatment in culture	γ-radiation	Whole blood from healthy volunteers	The anticlastogenic effect	32
Haberlea rhodopensis	Gesneriaceae	1.0, 4.0, and 8.0 μL/mL treatment in culture 0.03, 0.06, or 0.12 g/kg im 0.03, 0.06, and 0.12 g/kg bwt im	2 Gy 1, 2, or 3 Gy 2 Gy	Rabbit peripheral lymphocytes Rabbit peripheral lymphocytes Rabbit peripheral lymphocytes	Chromosomal aberrations Dicentrics/chromosomal aberrations Chromosomal aberration test/cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay	33 34 35
Hippophae rhamnoides	Elaeagnaceae	25–35 mg/kg bwt ip	2 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Micronuclei frequency	36
Mangifera indica	Anacardiaceae	50–1,000 μg/mL treatment in culture	5 Gy	Human lymphocytes	DNA damage, DNA repair/comet assay	37
Mentha piperita	Lamiaceae	1 g/kg bwt orally	8 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Chromosomal aberrations/micronuclei frequency/EPO level	38,39
Moringa oleifera	Moringaceae	150 mg/kg bwt ip	4 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Percent aberrant cells Micronucleated cells	40
Nelumbo nucifera	Nelumbonaceae	200 mg/kg bwt ig	4 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	DRF, CFU-S, MnPCE, NCE, and P/N ratio	41
Nigella sativa	Ranunculaceae	0–100 mg/kg bwt orally	2 Gy	Mouse splenic lymphocytes	Micronuclei frequency	42
Ocimum sanctum	Lamiaceae	10 mg/kg bwt ip	1–6 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Percent aberrant cells	43
Panax ginseng	Araliaceae	100, 200, or 300 mg/kg bwt ip	1.5 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Frequency of MnPCE PCE/NCE ratio	44
Panax quinquefolius	Araliaceae	50–1,000 μg/mL treatment in culture	1 and 2 Gy	Human peripheral blood lymphocytes	Micronuclei frequency	45
Phyllanthus niruri	Phyllanthaceae	50–250 mg/kg bwt ip	4 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Chromosomal aberrations	46
Podophyllum hexandrum	Berberidaceae	200 mg/kg bwt im Different concentrations treatment in culture	9 Gy 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 Gy	Mice strain “A” Human peripheral blood lymphocytes	Micronuclei frequency Dicentrics, micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds	47 48
Plumbago rosea	Plumbaginaceae	5 mg/kg bwt ip	2 Gy	Swiss albino mice	CFU-S	49
Spirulina platensis	Lichinaceae	1–5 mg/g bwt orally	2.5 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Micronuclei frequency	50
Withania somnifera	Solanaceae	30 mg/kg bwt ip	2 Gy	Swiss albino mice	CFU-S	49

Abbreviations: ig, intra-gastric administration; im, intramuscular injection; ip, intraperitoneal injection; bwt, body weight; CFU-S, colony forming units in spleen; MnPCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes; EPO, erythropoietin level; DRF, dose reduction factor; NCE, normochromatic erythrocytes; P/N, ratio of polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes; PCE, polychromatic erythrocytes.