Table 3.

Modulation of radiation-induced cytogenetic damage by various phytochemicals and herbal formulations

Name of phytochemical	Chemical/other name	Origin/source	Doses		Animal/tissue studied	Cytogenetic parameters studied	References
			Phytochemical dose	Radiation dose
Modulation of radiation-induced cytogenetic damage by various phytochemicals
Apigenin	4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone or 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	Plants	0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 25 μg/mL treatment in culture	2 Gy	Human peripheral blood lymphocytes	Micronuclei frequency	51
Beta carotene	1,3,3-Trimethyl-2-[3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-1-ene	Plants and fruits	0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg bwt orally 1–5 μg/mL treatment in culture	1.15 Gy 2 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells Human peripheral blood lymphocytes	Micronuclei frequency Micronuclei frequency	55 161
Caffeine	1,3,7-Trimethylpurine-2,6-dione	Coffee seeds, tea	Caffeine treatment in culture 5 and 15 mg/kg bwt ip	1.75 and 4.38 Gy 1.5 Gy	V79 cells Mouse bone marrow cells	Aberrations per cell Frequency of chromosomal aberrations	53 52
Chlorophyllin	Natural green 3, E141	Green leafy vegetables	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bwt orally	1.15 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Micronuclei frequency	54
Chlorogenic acid	(1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-{[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid	Bamboo, potato, and many other plants	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bwt orally	1.15 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Micronuclei frequency	55
Curcumin	(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1, 6-heptadiene-3,5-dione	Rhizome of Curcuma longa	5, 10, and 20 mg/kg bwt orally 2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL treatment in culture	1.15 Gy 2.5 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells CHO cells	Micronuclei frequency Chromosomal damage frequency	55 69
Eugenol	4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol	Basil, cinnamon, clove oil, nutmeg	75, 150, and 300 mg/kg bwt orally	0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Micronuclei frequency	56
Hesperidin	(2S)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one	Citrus fruit	10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg bwt, ip 3.27, 6.55, 9.83, 13.10, 16.38, and 19.65 μM treatment in culture	2 Gy 1, 2, 3, and 4 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells Human peripheral blood lymphocytes	Micronuclei frequency PCE/PCE + NCE ratio Micronuclei frequency, dicentric aberration, comet assay, DNA fragmentation assay	57 58
Lycopene	(6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16E,18E,20E,22E,24E,26E) 2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriaconta-2,6, 8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-tridecaene	Tomatoes, red fruits, red carrots, papaya, and watermelons	0.001–0.020 μM treatment in culture	10 Gy	Human peripheral blood lymphocytes	Mitotic index frequency of chromosomal aberrations	59,162
Mangiferin	(1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-(1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthen-2-yl)-D-glucitol	Mangoes, Bombax ceiba, Salacia, Cyclopia, rhizomes of iris and Anemarrhena	0–100 μg/mL treatment in culture 50–1,000 μg/mL 5–100 μg/mL treatment in culture	0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 Gy 5 Gy	Human peripheral blood lymphocytes Human lymphocytes and lymphoblastoid cells	Micronucleated binucleated cell frequency proliferation index DNA damage/repair; comet assay	60 37
Melatonin	N-[2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide	Found in animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria	2.5 mg/kg bwt ip	4.0 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Mitotic index, MnPCEs, chromosomal aberrations	61,158
Naringin	7-[[2-O-(6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	Grapefruit, citrus fruits	2 mg/kg bwt ip	Different doses	Mouse bone marrow cells	Frequencies of aberrant cells, chromosomal aberrations	62
Orientin	8-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-luteolin or 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-8-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4, 5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one	Adonis vernalis, Anadenanthera colubrina, Phyllostachys nigra Bamboo leaves and Ocimum	50 μg/kg bwt ip	0–6 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	CFU-S, chromosomal aberrations	63,165
Propolis	Propolis had approximately 50 constituents, primarily resins and vegetable balsams (50%), waxes (30%), essential oils (10%), and pollen (5%)	Resinous mixture collected by honey bees from tree buds, sap flow, or other plants	20–2,000 μg/mL treatment in culture 20 mg/kg bwt ip	2 Gy 6 Gy	Human peripheral blood lymphocytes BALB/c mice	Frequency of chromosomal aberrations, frequency of dicentrics Leukocyte count, spleen’s plaque-forming activity	65 64
Quercetin	2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one	Oak tree and red onions	3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 μM treatment in culture 10–20 mg/kg bwt orally	1–4 Gy 3 Gy	Human peripheral blood lymphocytes Swiss albino mice	Micronuclei frequency, dicentric aberration, comet assay Chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei frequency, comet assay	66 67
Resveratrol	3,5,4′-Trihydroxy-trans-stilbene	Naturally produced by several plants in response to injury, also found in grapes, blueberries, raspberries, and mulberries	100 mg/kg bwt, orally	3 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Total chromosomal aberration frequency per metaphase	68
Rutin	2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-4H-chromen-4-one	Orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit, and berries	10–20 mg/kg bwt orally	3 Gy	Swiss albino mice	Chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei frequency, comet assay	67
Turmeric	Diferuloylmethane, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin	Curcuma longa	100, 250, and 500 μg/mL treatment in culture	2.5 Gy	CHO cells	Frequencies of chromosomal aberrations	69
Vanillin	4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde	Seed and pods of Vanilla planifolia	5, 50 or 100 μg/mL treatment in culture	1–12 Gy	V79 cells	Micronucleated binucleated cells, aberrant cells	70
Vicenin	6-C-β-D-xylopyranosyl-8-C-β-D-glucopyranosylapigenin	Ocimum sanctum	50 μg/kg bwt ip	0–6 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	CFU-S chromosomal aberrations	63,165
Vinblastine	Dimethyl (2β,3β,4β,5α,12β,19α)-15-[(5S,9S)-5-ethyl-5-hydroxy-9-(methoxycarbonyl)-1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-octahydro-2H-3,7-methanoazacycloundecino[5,4-b] indol-9-yl]-3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-1-methyl-6,7-didehydroaspidospermidine-3,4-dicarboxylate	Vinca rosea (Catharanthus roseus)	0.05 mg/kg bwt ip	1–4 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Micronuclei frequency, P/N ratio	71
Vitamin C	2-Oxo-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone-2,3-enediol or (R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-((S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl) furan-2(5H)-one	Plants, fruits, and vegetables	1 μg/mL treatment in culture	2 Gy	Human peripheral blood lymphocytes	Micronuclei frequency	161
Vitamin E	(2R)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)]-6-chromanol	Wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil, and margarine	2 μg/mL treatment in culture	2 Gy	Human peripheral blood lymphocytes	Micronuclei frequency	161
Zingerone	4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone	Cooked ginger	20 mg/kg bwt orally	1–4 Gy	Swiss albino mice	CFU-S, MnPCE, NCE and PCE/NCE ratio	72
Modulation of radiation-induced cytogenetic damage by various herbal formulations
Abana	Terminalia arjuna, Withania somnifera, Nepeta hindostana, Dashamoola, Tinospora cordifolia, Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, Eclipta alba, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Asparagus racemosus, Boerhaavia diffusa		5, 10, and 20 mg/kg bwt ip	0–3 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Micronuclei frequency, PCE/NCE ratio	73
Brahma Rasayana	Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Cyperus rotundus, Curcuma longa, Piper longum, Aquilaria agallocha, Santalum album, Centella asiatica, Atropa belladona,Convolvulus pluricaulis, Acorus calamus, Cyperus scariosus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Embelia ribes, Ghee, Sesamum oil, Milk, Sugar candy, Desmodium gangeticum, Uraria picta, Solanum indicum, Solanum xanthocarpum, Tribulus terrestris, Aegle bruhat, Clerodendron premnoses, Oroxylum indicum, Gmelina arborea, Pterospermum suaveolens, Sida cordifolia, Boerhavia diffusa, Ricinus communis, Phaseolus trilobus, Teramnus labialis, Asparagus racemosus, Tinospora cordifolia, Leptademia reticulata, Withania somnifera, Bambusa arundanacia, Imperata cylindrica, Saccharum spontaneum, Oryza sativum, Saccharum officinalis		50 mg/day orally	Radio/chemotherapy	Cancer patients	Total leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils	74
Liv. 52	Capparis spinosa, Cichorium intybus, Ferric Oxide Calx, Solanum nigrum, Terminalia arjuna, Cassia occidentalis, Achillea millefolium, Tamarix gallica		500 mg/kg bwt orally	4.5 Gy	Mouse bone marrow cells	Frequency of chromatid and chromosomal aberrations	75

Abbreviations: ip, intraperitoneal injection; bwt, body weight; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; PCE, polychromatic erythrocytes; NCE, normochromatic erythrocytes; MnPCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes; CFU-S, colony forming units in spleen; P/N, ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes.