Diversity and disparity (morphological variation) in three clades that recovered after the Permo–Triassic (P–Tr) mass extinction. In each case, disparity (red, with confidence envelope marked) expands before diversity (black), although in anomodonts, this happened before the mass extinction, which generated a macroevolutionary bottleneck from which diversity recovered, but diversity never did. Ans, Anisian; Chx, Changhsingian; Crn, Carnian; ENo, early Norian; Het, Hettangian; I-O, Induan-Olenekian; Lad, Ladinian; LNo, Late Norian; MNo, middle Norian; Plb, Pilensbachian; R-W, Roadian-Wordian; Sin, Sinemurian; Wuc, Wuchaipingian. Based on data from [41,60,61]. (Online version in colour.)