Table 1.
Group characteristics for the included ASD and TC participants (NYU and USM ABIDE sites combined)
| ASD (n = 106) |
TC (n = 109) |
χ2 | P | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | All males | All males | — | — | ||||||
| Handedness (right/left)a | 86/19a | 105/4 | 11.60 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Eye status (open/closed) | 98/8 | 97/12 | 12.36 | <0.001 | ||||||
| DSM-IV-TR diagnosis (autism/asperger/PDD-NOS) | 83/17/6 | — | — | — | ||||||
| Medication status (n on meds) | 15 | — | — | — | ||||||
| Medication status (n on meds at scan)b | 5b | — | — | — | ||||||
| Comorbidityc | 36c | — | — | — | ||||||
| Mean | s.d. | Min | Max | Mean | s.d. | Min | Max | t-value | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADOS scoresd | ||||||||||
| Total score (social + communication) | 12.1 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 22.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Social | 4.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 8.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Communication | 8.1 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 14.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| RRB | 2.2 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 8.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| SRS raw total scores | 90.2 | 31.4 | 6.0 | 164.0 | 19.1 | 13.4 | 0.0 | 56.0 | 19.57 | <0.0001 |
| Age at scan (years) | 16.0 | 6.2 | 7.1 | 30.0 | 16.8 | 5.8 | 6.5 | 30.0 | −0.98 | 0.33 |
| Full-scale IQ | 105.3 | 16.7 | 73.0 | 148.0 | 113.9 | 13.7 | 80.0 | 148.0 | −4.14 | <0.0001 |
| VIQ | 102.0 | 17.0 | 55.0 | 137.0 | 113.0 | 13.4 | 80.0 | 141.0 | −5.29 | <0.0001 |
| PIQ | 107.9 | 17.4 | 72.0 | 149.0 | 111.6 | 14.0 | 67.0 | 155.0 | −1.72 | 0.09 |
| Head Motion (mean FD) | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 2.99 | 0.003 |
Note: PDD-NOS, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified; ADOS, autism diagnostic observation schedule; RRB, restricted repetitive behaviors; IQ, intelligence quotient; mean FD, mean framewise displacement; χ2, chi-square; min, minimum; max, maximum.
aHandedness label was not available for one participant with ASD. bFluoxetine (n = 2), guanfacine (n = 2); methylphenidate (n = 1). Note that for one participant, information on medication status at time of scan was not available. cAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder [not otherwise specified (n = 3); hyperactive (n = 1); inattentive (n = 4) and combined (n = 4)]; specific phobia (n = 7); mood disorder (n = 6); dysthymia (n = 5); enuresis (n = 5); encopresis (n = 3); anxiety disorder not otherwise specified (n = 2); diurnal and nocturnal enuresis (n = 2); generalized anxiety disorder (n = 2); social phobia (n = 2); Tic disorder (n = 2); depressive disorder (n = 1); disruptive disorder (n = 1); separation anxiety (n = 1) and agoraphobia (n = 1). dThese scores are based on the algorithm for ADOS module 4 (n = 39), module 3 (n = 65) and module 2 (n = 2) (Lord et al., 1999). Since we included module 4, the more recent scores per Gotham et al., (2009) were not used as they are only available for modules 1, 2 and 3.