Table 3.

Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis indicating ORs for emotional distress associated with unhealthy sleep in the NHIS 2009 dataset (N=27,731)

Variables	Unhealthy sleep (sleep duration <7 or >8 hours)			P-value
	OR	95% CI
		Lower	Upper
Emotional distress	1.548	1.423	1.684	<0.001
Age	0.982	0.964	1.001	0.070
Sex (reference: male)	0.991	0.937	1.048	0.743
Race	1.470	1.369	1.578	<0.001
Marital status	1.030	1.019	1.041	<0.001
Smoking status (reference: never)	0.863	0.842	0.884	<0.001
Alcohol in 12 months (reference: never)	1.052	1.001	1.106	0.045
Annual income (reference: < USD $35,000)	1.000	0.998	1.001	0.481
Family education (reference: high school)	0.992	0.985	0.998	0.016
BMI (reference: obese)	1.201	1.132	1.275	<0.001
Hypertension	1.077	1.001	1.151	0.028
Coronary heart disease (reference: none)	1.112	0.979	1.264	0.103
Heart problems (reference: none)	1.169	1.057	1.293	0.002
Cancer (reference: none)	1.178	1.069	1.298	0.001
Diabetes (reference: none)	1.093	0.996	1.199	0.060
Arthritis (reference: none)	1.431	1.337	1.532	<0.001

Notes: Unhealthy sleep: <7 or >8 hours of sleep per day; emotional distress: ≥13 on the K6 scale; age: 20–40, 41–60, and 61–80+ years; race: white as reference, black only; smoking: ever smoked 100+ cigarettes in lifetime; Marital status, married is reference; BMI: obese ≥30 kg/m²; hypertension: ever had a hypertension diagnosis by a physician; coronary heart disease: ever had a coronary heart disease; heart problems: ever had; cancer: ever had; diabetes: ever had a type 2 diabetes diagnosis in lifetime; arthritis: ever had. Adjusted variables include: age, sex, race, marital status, smoking status, alcohol, annual income, family education, BMI, Hypertension, Coronary Heart disease, Heart problems, Cancer, Diabetes and arthritis.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; K6, Kessler 6 Mental Health Scale; NHIS, National Health Interview Survey; OR, odds ratio.