Table 2.
Maternal blood TG and FA levels in relation to the characteristics of the mother–infant pairs (n = 306).
| Characteristic | n | TG(mg/dL) | Palmitic acid (μg/mL) | Palmitoleic acid (μg/mL) | Stearic acid (μg/mL) | Oleic acid (μg/mL) | Linoleic acid(μg/mL) | α‑Linolenic acid (μg/mL) | Arachidonic acid (μg/mL) | EPA(μg/mL) | DHA (μg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All samples | 306 | 90.8 ± 46.1 | 2064.8 ± 858.8 | 126 ± 78.5 | 573.1 ± 206.3 | 1214.5 ± 564.5 | 721.2 ± 419.7 | 10.7 ± 8.3 | 71.2 ± 42.4 | 10.2 ± 8.4 | 30.2 ± 21.6 |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||||||
| Paritya,b | |||||||||||
| 0 | 161 | 88.5 ± 3.6 | 2063.0 ± 67.8 | 123.4 ± 6.2 | 582.0 ± 16.2 | 1207.4 ± 44.6 | 711.9 ± 33.1 | 10.5 ± 0.6 | 71.0 ± 3.3 | 10.1 ± 0.6 | 29.0 ± 1.7 |
| ≥ 1 | 144 | 92.7 ± 3.8 | 2070.1 ± 71.7 | 129.2 ± 6.5 | 564.5 ± 17.2 | 1223.5 ± 47.1 | 729.7 ± 35.0 | 10.9 ± 0.6 | 71.4 ± 3.5 | 10.2 ± 0.7 | 31.4 ± 1.8 |
| Smoking during pregnancya | |||||||||||
| Yes | 130 | 95.7 ± 4.0 | 2121.9 ± 75.3 | 133.3 ± 6.8 | 563.5 ± 18.1 | 1268.9 ± 49.4 | 740.5 ± 36.8 | 10.9 ± 0.7 | 69.0 ± 3.7 | 9.1 ± 0.7 | 27.4 ± 1.8 |
| No | 176 | 87.1 ± 3.4 | 2022.6 ± 64.7 | 120.6 ± 5.9 | 580.2 ± 15.5 | 1174.4 ± 42.4 | 707.0 ± 31.6 | 10.6 ± 0.6 | 72.8 ± 3.1 | 11.0 ± 0.6 | 32.2 ± 1.6 |
| Alcohol intake during pregnancya | |||||||||||
| Yes | 97 | 83.8 ± 4.6 | 2020.1 ± 87.2 | 118.4 ± 7.9 | 573.7 ± 20.9 | 1200.5 ± 57.4 | 745.0 ± 42.6 | 11.4 ± 0.8 | 75.2 ± 4.3 | 10.2 ± 0.8 | 32.2 ± 2.2 |
| No | 209 | 94.0 ± 3.1* | 2085.6 ± 59.4 | 129.5 ± 5.4 | 572.8 ± 14.2 | 1221.0 ± 39.1 | 710.2 ± 29.0 | 10.4 ± 0.5 | 69.4 ± 2.9 | 10.2 ± 0.5 | 29.3 ± 1.5 |
| Fish intake during pregnancya | |||||||||||
| Inshore fish | |||||||||||
| ≤ 1–2 times/month | 166 | 91.0 ± 3.5 | 2054.1 ± 66.7 | 127.6 ± 6.1 | 566.3 ± 16.0 | 1217.7 ± 43.8 | 708.5 ± 32.6 | 10.2 ± 0.64 | 71.8 ± 3.2 | 8.8 ± 0.64 | 28.6 ± 1.6 |
| ≥ 1–2 times/week | 140 | 90.5 ± 3.9 | 2077.5 ± 72.6 | 124.0 ± 6.6 | 581.1 ± 17.4 | 1210.8 ± 47.7 | 736.4 ± 35.5 | 11.3 ± 0.70 | 70.5 ± 3.5 | 11.8 ± 0.7** | 32.1 ± 1.8 |
| Deep-sea fish | |||||||||||
| ≤ 1–2 times/month | 148 | 91.6 ± 3.7 | 2114.6 ± 70.5 | 132.9 ± 6.4 | 586.9 ± 16.9 | 1248.7 ± 46.4 | 723.7 ± 34.5 | 10.7 ± 0.6 | 72.0 ± 3.4 | 9.8 ± 0.6 | 28.8 ± 1.7 |
| ≥ 1–2 times/week | 158 | 90.0 ± 3.6 | 2018.1 ± 68.3 | 119.5 ± 6.2 | 560.2 ± 16.4 | 1182.5 ± 44.9 | 718.9 ± 33.4 | 10.7 ± 0.6 | 70.5 ± 3.3 | 10.5 ± 0.6 | 31.5 ± 1.7 |
| Blood sampling period (categorical)c | |||||||||||
| 23–31 weeks during pregnancy | 137 | 81.2 ± 3.8 | 1928.7 ± 72.7 | 110.7 ± 6.6 | 562.7 ± 17.4 | 1095.8 ± 47.3 | 686.3 ± 35.8 | 10.3 ± 0.7 | 70.9 ± 3.5 | 10.5 ± 0.7 | 32.3 ± 1.8 |
| 32–34 weeks during pregnancy | 82 | 93.5 ± 5.0 | 2107.2 ± 94.0 | 129.5 ± 8.5 | 624.2 ± 22.5 | 1252.1 ± 61.2 | 726.6 ± 46.3 | 10.9 ± 0.9 | 80.1 ± 4.6 | 10.1 ± 0.9 | 32.0 ± 2.3 |
| 35–41 weeks during pregnancy | 87 | 103.2 ± 4.8** | 2239.2 ± 91.2* | 146.7 ± 8.2* | 541.2 ± 21.9** | 1366.2 ± 59.4** | 771.3 ± 44.9 | 11.1 ± 0.8 | 63.4 ± 4.5 | 9.7 ± 0.9 | 25.2 ± 2.3* |
| Blood sampling period (week of pregnancy)d | 306 | ρ = 0.198** | ρ = 0.176** | ρ = 0.208** | ρ = 0.055 | ρ = 0.223** | ρ = 0.086 | ρ = 0.035 | ρ = –0.042 | ρ = –0.009 | ρ = –0.122* |
| Infant characteristics | |||||||||||
| Birth weightd | 306 | ρ = –0.007 | ρ = –0.055 | ρ = –0.076 | ρ = –0.074 | ρ = –0.011 | ρ = 0.021 | ρ = –0.022 | ρ = 0.010 | ρ = 0.052 | ρ = 0.031 |
| Abbreviations: DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; TG, triglyceride. Data are means ± SD or correlations unless otherwise indicated.*p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. p-Values were calculated by aMann–Whitney U-test, cKruskal–Wallis test, or dSpearman’s correlation (ρ); bmissing data: parity (n = 1); | |||||||||||