Table 3.
The regression coefficients (95% CIs) between PFOS/PFOA concentrations (ng/mL) and the levels of TG and FAs in the maternal blood (n = 306).
| Dependent variable | PFOS [β (95% CI)] | p-Value | PFOA [β (95% CI)] | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TG | ||||
| Crude | –0.197 (–0.313, –0.087) | < 0.001 | 0.008 (–0.078, 0.090) | 0.888 |
| Model 1 | –0.147 (–0.272, –0.027) | 0.016 | 0.059 (–0.045, 0.134) | 0.333 |
| Model 2 | –0.130 (–0.253, –0.011) | 0.032 | 0.066 (–0.039, 0.138) | 0.273 |
| Palmitic acid | ||||
| Crude | –0.215 (–0.264, 0.085) | < 0.001 | 0.084 (–0.016, 0.117) | 0.138 |
| Model 1 | –0.204 (–0.264, –0.067) | 0.001 | 0.126 (0.002, 0.147) | 0.043 |
| Model 2 | –0.175 (–0.240, –0.044) | 0.004 | 0.136 (0.009, 0.152) | 0.027 |
| Palmitoleic acid | ||||
| Crude | –0.227 (–0.397, –0.138) | < 0.001 | –0.008 (–0.104, 0.090) | 0.886 |
| Model 1 | –0.195 (–0.371, –0.088) | 0.001 | 0.048 (–0.063, 0.146) | 0.436 |
| Model 2 | –0.168 (–0.339, –0.058) | 0.005 | 0.059 (–0.052, 0.155) | 0.333 |
| Stearic acid | ||||
| Crude | 0.047 (–0.046, 0.112) | 0.410 | 0.068 (–0.022, 0.093) | 0.229 |
| Model 1 | 0.017 (–0.074, –0.098) | 0.779 | 0.055 (–0.034, 0.091) | 0.374 |
| Model 2 | 0.056 (–0.047, 0.126) | 0.372 | 0.058 (–0.033, 0.094) | 0.352 |
| Oleic acid | ||||
| Crude | –0.214 (–0.291, –0.093) | < 0.001 | 0.051 (–0.040, 0.107) | 0.369 |
| Model 1 | –0.179 (–0.270, –0.052) | 0.003 | 0.101 (–0.013, 0.147) | 0.102 |
| Model 2 | –0.149 (–0.242, –0.026) | 0.014 | 0.112 (–0.055, 0.153 | 0.067 |
| Linoleic acid | ||||
| Crude | –0.264 (–0.701, –0.292) | < 0.001 | 0.036 (–0.104, 0.205) | 0.524 |
| Model 1 | –0.295 (–0.777, –0.326) | < 0.001 | 0.051 (–0.100, 0.240) | 0.420 |
| Model 2 | –0.278 (–0.745, –0.294) | < 0.001 | 0.055 (–0.095, 0.245) | 0.385 |
| α-Linolenic acid | ||||
| Crude | –0.222 (–0.705, –0.237) | < 0.001 | 0.010 (–0.158, 0.192) | 0.849 |
| Model 1 | –0.248 (–0.782, –0.263) | < 0.001 | 0.021 (–0.160, 0.226) | 0.735 |
| Model 2 | –0.227 (–0.739, –0.220) | < 0.001 | 0.026 (–0.152, 0.234) | 0.675 |
| Arachidonic acid | ||||
| Crude | –0.146 (–0.467, –0.062) | 0.010 | –0.017 (–0.173, 0.126) | 0.756 |
| Model 1 | –0.201 (–0.584, –0.142) | 0.001 | –0.030 (–0.204, 0.123) | 0.628 |
| Model 2 | –0.184 (–0.555, –0.111) | 0.003 | –0.031 (–0.206, 0.123) | 0.619 |
| EPA | ||||
| Crude | 0.111 (–0.0004, 0.426) | 0.054 | 0.017 (–0.133, 0.180) | 0.764 |
| Model 1a | 0.085 (–0.072, 0.398) | 0.175 | 0.007 (–0.160, 0.179) | 0.908 |
| Model 2a | 0.101 (–0.041, 0.426) | 0.107 | 0.011 (–0.154, 0.186) | 0.854 |
| DHA | ||||
| Crude | –0.062 (–0.339, 0.098) | 0.278 | –0.040 (–0.218, 0.102) | 0.477 |
| Model 1a | –0.120 (–0.472, 0.005) | 0.052 | –0.055 (–0.253, 0.096) | 0.377 |
| Model 2a | –0.103 (–0.440, 0.040) | 0.102 | –0.055 (–0.255, 0.097) | 0.377 |
| Essential fatty acids | ||||
| Crude | –0.264 (–0.700, –0.291) | < 0.001 | 0.036 (–0.104, 0.205) | 0.521 |
| Model 1 | –0.295 (–0.776, –0.326) | < 0.001 | 0.051 (–0.100, 0.240) | 0.419 |
| Model 2 | –0.278 (–0.745, –0.294) | < 0.001 | 0.055 (–0.095, 0.246) | 0.384 |
| Omega 6 | ||||
| Crude | –0.256 (–0.676, –0.272) | < 0.001 | 0.032 (–0.108, 0.196) | 0.571 |
| Model 1 | –0.289 (–0.753, –0.309) | < 0.001 | 0.045 (–0.106, 0.228) | 0.474 |
| Model 2 | –0.272 (–0.722, –0.277) | < 0.001 | 0.049 (–0.102, 0.234) | 0.440 |
| Omega 3 | ||||
| Crude | –0.041 (–0.225, 0.104) | 0.473 | –0.034 (–0.158, 0.083) | 0.543 |
| Model 1a | –0.090 (–0.314, 0.047) | 0.149 | –0.047 (–0.182, 0.081) | 0.452 |
| Model 2a | –0.069 (–0.283, 0.079) | 0.268 | –0.044 (–0.180, 0.085) | 0.479 |
| Abbreviations: DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; TG, triglyceride. Data are log10-transformed exposure and outcomes. Units: TG (md/dL); FAs (μg/mL). Model 1 was adjusted for maternal age, smoking and alcohol intake during pregnancy, annual household income, parity, and blood sampling period (categorical). Model 2 was adjusted for maternal age, smoking and alcohol intake during pregnancy, annual household income, parity, and blood sampling period (by week of pregnancy).aFor EPA, DHA, and omega 3 FAs, adjusted model 1 and 2 also included fish intake. | ||||