Table 1.
Characteristics of HEALS participants and their associations with arsenic metabolism efficiency, that is, DMA% (n = 2,053).a
| Characteristic | No. (%)b | DMA% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | p-Value | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Women | 1,015 (49.4) | Referent | ||
| Men | 1,038 (50.6) | –2.98 | 0.41 | < 0.0001 |
| Age | ||||
| 17–29 | 438 (21.3) | Referent | ||
| 30–39 | 589 (28.7) | –0.06 | 0.44 | 0.90 |
| 40–49 | 557 (27.1) | 0.16 | 0.46 | 0.74 |
| 50–70 | 469 (22.8) | 1.20 | 0.51 | 0.02 |
| Water arsenic (μg/L) | ||||
| Quartile 1 (0–8) | 514 (25.3) | Referent | ||
| Quartile 2 (9–49) | 503 (24.8) | –1.04 | 0.43 | 0.02 |
| Quartile 3 (50–127) | 507 (25.0) | –1.68 | 0.43 | < 0.0001 |
| Quartile 4 (128–864) | 507 (25.0) | –2.57 | 0.43 | < 0.0001 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 1,161 (56.6) | Referent | ||
| Ever | 892 (43.5) | –0.15 | 0.44 | 0.73 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| 10.2–18.4 | 864 (42.1) | Referent | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 1,059 (51.6) | 0.89 | 0.32 | 0.005 |
| 25.0–51.8 | 130 (6.3) | 2.22 | 0.65 | 0.0006 |
| Urinary arsenic adjusted for creatinine (μg/g) | ||||
| Quartile 1 (11–89) | 426 (20.9) | Referent | ||
| Quartile 2 (90–176) | 556 (27.2) | –0.19 | 0.44 | 0.66 |
| Quartile 3 (177–343) | 595 (29.2) | –1.25 | 0.43 | 0.004 |
| Quartile 4 (344–8,556) | 464 (22.7) | –2.74 | 0.46 | < 0.0001 |
| Prevalent skin lesion | ||||
| No | 1,974 (96.7) | Referent | ||
| Yes | 67 (3.3) | –0.59 | 0.87 | 0.49 |
| aβ, SE, and p-values were obtained from mixed linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex, genotyping batch, smoking, BMI, and arsenic concentrations in drinking water. bCategorical variables are presented as counts and percentages. | ||||