TABLE 1.

Sample Characteristics (N = 500)

Parent Demographics		SD	Range
Gender (Female), %	73.0
Race, %
Black	60.0
White	40.0
Age, y	37.9	11.2	18 – 99
Marital Status, %
Married	56.8
Married previously	15.2
Never married	27.0
Education, %
< high school	12.8
High school	22.4
Some college	24.6
College graduate	22.8
Graduate degree	17.4
Household income perceived to be…, %
More than we need	8.8
Just enough	42.6
Not enough	48.0
Parent Religious Characteristics
Religion, %
Catholic	40.0
Christian/non-Catholic	46.2
Other religion	7.6
(Missing)	6.2
Religious service attendance, %
Never	11.0
1x/month or less	36.6
1x/week	35.6
More than 1x/week	15.0
Importance religious or spiritual beliefs in daily life, %
Very importanta	69.8
Somewhat important or less so	28.6
Parent Risk Factors
Parents’ level of agreement with this statement: “Non-physical types of discipline (such as time out or positive reinforcement) never work as well as physical discipline such as spanking,” %
Strongly disagree	33.0
Disagree	50.0
Other (agree or neither)	16.0
Parenting stress	2.2	0.7	1 – 4.7
Knowledge of child development	71.7	17.3	0 – 100
Aggression in family of origin, cumulative score	2.1	1.5	0 – 4
Index Child Demographics
Gender (Female), %	46.0
Age, y	7.0	4.8	0 – 17

Note: Total percentages for each variable do not always equal 100% due to missing values. Missings were not greater than 2% for any one variable except for religion, which was 6.2% as indicated.

^aThe other 4 response categories were collapsed into “Somewhat important or less so” due to the distribution of the variable as follows: Somewhat important (20.2%), Neither important nor unimportant (1.6%), Somewhat unimportant (2.8%), and Very unimportant (4.0%).