. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2015 May 22;172(10):967–977. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14101266

Table 2.

Mental health comorbidity associated with ADHD as diagnosed in childhood and adulthood.

	Control		Childhood ADHD		Child vs. Ctrl		Control		Adult ADHD		Adult vs. Ctrl
	%	N	%	N	χ²	p-value	%	N	%	N	χ²	p-value
Measures Taken in Childhood
Conduct Disorder Diagnosis	14.4	128	59.0	36	49.97	< 0.001	14.4	128	31.0	9	5.08	0.024
Depression Diagnosis	4.6	41	27.9	17	42.41	< 0.001	4.6	41	0.0	0	0.50	0.481
Any Anxiety Diagnosis	18.4	163	54.1	33	43.83	< 0.001	18.4	163	13.8	4	0.29	0.589
Measures Taken in Adulthood
Adult Diagnoses
PTSD ^a	14.4	132	24.6	15	7.17	0.007	14.4	132	22.6	7	2.11	0.147
Attempted Suicide ^a	12.4	114	23.0	14	7.13	0.008	12.4	114	19.4	6	1.58	0.209
Mania ^a	1.0	9	0.0	0	0.00	0.992	1.0	9	0.0	0	0.09	0.765
Major Depression ^c	21.7	197	25.0	15	2.06	0.151	21.7	197	32.3	10	2.86	0.091
Any Anxiety Disorder ^c	27.6	251	31.7	19	2.83	0.093	27.6	251	32.3	10	0.75	0.386
Substance Dependence (Alcohol, Drugs, Marijuana) ^c	20.7	188	30.0	18	0.69	0.405	20.7	188	48.4	15	10.47	0.001
Tobacco Dependence ^c	23.4	212	28.3	17	0.86	0.353	23.4	212	38.7	12	3.90	0.048
Medications for non-ADHD Mental Health Problem ^b	14.0	122	25.5	14	7.61	0.006	14.0	122	48.4	15	23.65	< 0.001
Mental Health Treatment Contact ^b	46.2	401	49.1	27	2.18	0.140	46.2	401	70.0	21	8.37	0.004

Note: Statistical test included sex as a covariate

Lifetime diagnosis;

Between ages 21-38;

Persistent diagnosis (2+ of 5 assessment time points)