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Hypothalamic ascending connectivity. Summary of the four major pathways from the hypothalamus to cerebral cortex schematized on a flattened representation of the rat brain. The basal ganglia here refer to the basal forebrain and the amygdala complex. Note that one of the indirect connections first descends to the brainstem. BG, basal ganglia; BS, brainstem; CTX, cortex; HY, hypothalamus; TH, thalamus. Reproduced with permission from Risold et al., 1997.
