Table 1.

Summary of the representative surgical sealants.

Base materials	Applications	Components and products	References
Polyurethane	– Fixation of vascular graft and bone	– Engineered polyurethane with low haemolytic responses	[6–8]
	– Abdominoplasty surgery to avoid seroma formation	– Lysine-based, spayable urethane adhesive (TissuGlu)	[9, 111]
PEG	– Prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage after cranial operations and reduce scar tissue and pain after lumbar microdiscectomy	– Tetra-succinimidyl PEG and tri-lysine amine (DuraSeal)	[10–13]
	– Stop air leaks after lung surgeries	– Acrylated PEG, polyester primer, and photoinitiator (FocalSeal)	[14–16]
	– Seal suture lines and stop bleeding in vascular surgeries	– Glutaryl-succinimidyl ester and thiol terminated PEG (Coseal)	[18, 19]
Polyester	– Reduce the incidence of fluidic or air leaks	– Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS)	[3, 21, 22]
	– Repair of vessels and heart defects	– Photocrosslinkable PGS derivatives	[5]
Polyvinyl alcohol	– Close wound in surgery	– Tyramine-modified PVA	[23]
Fibrin	– Haemorrhage control, wound closure and tissue anastomoses	– Fibrinogen and thrombin (Tisseel, Evicel, Crosseal, Hemaseel, etc.)	[24–29, 106]
		– Fibrinogen and a ruthenium photo- catalyst	[30, 32, 33]
Collagen	– Haemostasis	– Bovine collagen and thrombin	[37]
Gelatin	– Thoracic aortic dissections and hemostasis	– Gelatin-resorcinol-formaldehyde- glutaraldehye	[39–41]
		– Gelatin and N-hydroxysuccinimide-ester functionalized poly(L-glutamic acid) or disuccinimidyl tartrate	[42–44]
	– Seal surgical incisions in gastrointestinal tract surgeries	– Photocrosslinkable gelatin adhesives	[34, 35, 45]
	– Repair retinal tissues	– Gelatin and microbial transglutaminase	[46–48]
Albumin	– Hemostats in vascular and cardiac surgeries	– Bovine albumin and glutaraldehyde (Bioglue)	[49, 108]
	– Prevent air leakage in lung surgeries	– Human albumin and a NHS-activated PEG (Progel)	[4, 50]
Chitosan	– Wound closure and hemostasis	– Lactobionic acid and azide functionalized chitosan	[51–53]
		– Tyrosine-modified chitosan, HPR and hydrogen peroxide	[55]
		– Thiol-containing chitosan and maleimide containing ε-polylysine	[56]
Dextran	– Stop air leaks after lung surgeries	– Aldehyde-containing dextran and amine- containing PEG or polylysine crosslinkers	[58–62]
Chondroitin sulfate	– Seal corneal incisions	– Aldehyde-bearing chondroitin sulfate and poly(vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl amine)	[64]
	– Binding to native cartilage tissue	– Methacrylate and aldehyde functionalized chondroitin sulfate	[66]
	– Wound closure	– NHS-activated chondroitin sulfate and amine-containing PEG	[67]