Table 1.
Base materials | Applications | Components and products | References |
---|---|---|---|
Polyurethane | – Fixation of vascular graft and bone | – Engineered polyurethane with low haemolytic responses | [6–8] |
– Abdominoplasty surgery to avoid seroma formation | – Lysine-based, spayable urethane adhesive (TissuGlu) | [9, 111] | |
PEG | – Prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage after cranial operations and reduce scar tissue and pain after lumbar microdiscectomy | – Tetra-succinimidyl PEG and tri-lysine amine (DuraSeal) | [10–13] |
– Stop air leaks after lung surgeries | – Acrylated PEG, polyester primer, and photoinitiator (FocalSeal) | [14–16] | |
– Seal suture lines and stop bleeding in vascular surgeries | – Glutaryl-succinimidyl ester and thiol terminated PEG (Coseal) | [18, 19] | |
Polyester | – Reduce the incidence of fluidic or air leaks | – Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) | [3, 21, 22] |
– Repair of vessels and heart defects | – Photocrosslinkable PGS derivatives | [5] | |
Polyvinyl alcohol |
– Close wound in surgery | – Tyramine-modified PVA | [23] |
Fibrin | – Haemorrhage control, wound closure and tissue anastomoses | – Fibrinogen and thrombin (Tisseel, Evicel, Crosseal, Hemaseel, etc.) | [24–29, 106] |
– Fibrinogen and a ruthenium photo- catalyst | [30, 32, 33] | ||
Collagen | – Haemostasis | – Bovine collagen and thrombin | [37] |
Gelatin | – Thoracic aortic dissections and hemostasis | – Gelatin-resorcinol-formaldehyde- glutaraldehye | [39–41] |
– Gelatin and N-hydroxysuccinimide-ester functionalized poly(L-glutamic acid) or disuccinimidyl tartrate | [42–44] | ||
– Seal surgical incisions in gastrointestinal tract surgeries | – Photocrosslinkable gelatin adhesives | [34, 35, 45] | |
– Repair retinal tissues | – Gelatin and microbial transglutaminase | [46–48] | |
Albumin | – Hemostats in vascular and cardiac surgeries | – Bovine albumin and glutaraldehyde (Bioglue) | [49, 108] |
– Prevent air leakage in lung surgeries | – Human albumin and a NHS-activated PEG (Progel) | [4, 50] | |
Chitosan | – Wound closure and hemostasis | – Lactobionic acid and azide functionalized chitosan | [51–53] |
– Tyrosine-modified chitosan, HPR and hydrogen peroxide | [55] | ||
– Thiol-containing chitosan and maleimide containing ε-polylysine | [56] | ||
Dextran | – Stop air leaks after lung surgeries | – Aldehyde-containing dextran and amine- containing PEG or polylysine crosslinkers | [58–62] |
Chondroitin sulfate |
– Seal corneal incisions | – Aldehyde-bearing chondroitin sulfate and poly(vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl amine) | [64] |
– Binding to native cartilage tissue | – Methacrylate and aldehyde functionalized chondroitin sulfate | [66] | |
– Wound closure | – NHS-activated chondroitin sulfate and amine-containing PEG | [67] |