TABLE 2.

Maternal experience of childhood abuse and offspring’s age-adjusted high depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood, Nurses’ Health Study II and Growing Up Today Study, N mothers = 8,882; N offspring = 11,402; N observations (offspring) = 39,213^a

	N offspring	Risk ratio (95% CI)
		Model 1: adjusted for demographic variables	Model 2: Model 1, further adjusted for maternal mental health indicators	Model 3: Model 2, further adjusted for adolescent SES and family structure	Model 4: Model 3, further adjusted for offspring’s experience of abuseb
Maternal experience of childhood abuse
0: no abuse	2,981	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)	1.00 (Reference)
1	2,618	1.20 (1.06, 1.36)c	1.16 (1.02, 1.31)b	1.16 (1.03, 1.32)b	1.14 (0.99, 1.31)
2	2,204	1.29 (1.13, 1.47)d	1.20 (1.05, 1.37)c	1.20 (1.05, 1.36)c	1.13 (0.98, 1.30)
3	2,179	1.56 (1.38, 1.77)d	1.41 (1.25, 1.60)d	1.40 (1.24, 1.59)d	1.30 (1.13, 1.50)d
4	903	1.52 (1.30, 1.79)d	1.37 (1.16, 1.60)d	1.36 (1.16, 1.60)d	1.25 (1.04, 1.50)b
5: severe abuse	517	1.78 (1.47, 2.16)d	1.53 (1.26, 1.87)d	1.51 (1.24, 1.85)d	1.30 (1.04, 1.63)b

^aModels 1, 2, and 3 include the same participants; the stated N mothers, N offspring, and N observations applies. Model 4 is restricted to offspring with childhood abuse data; results for Model 1 in this subsample were similar to those in the whole sample (RR range = 1.22, 1.83, RR severe abuse = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.47, 2.29). All models adjusted for offspring’s age, sex, and race/ethnicity, and maternal childhood socioeconomic status. Risk ratios estimated using generalized estimating equations with log link and Poisson distributions, calculated using SAS PROC GENMOD.

^bP < .05.

^cP < .01.

^dP < .001