. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 2.

Published in final edited form as: Depress Anxiety. 2015 Jul 28;32(10):709–719. doi: 10.1002/da.22395

TABLE 4.

Maternal childhood experience of physical/emotional or sexual abuse and offspring’s risk of high depressive symptoms and persistent high depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood, Nurses’ Health Study II and Growing Up Today Study, N mothers = 8,882 N offspring = 11,402 N observations (offspring) = 39,213^d

	Offspring’s high depressive symptoms		Offspring’s persistent high depressive symptoms
	N offspring	Risk ratio (95% CI)	N offspring	Risk ratio (95% CI)
		Model 1a		Model 2a
Maternal childhood experience of physical/emotional abuse
First quartile	3,945	1.00 (Reference)	2,783	1.00 (Reference)
Second quartile	2,519	1.21 (1.08, 1.36)^c	1,768	1.38 (0.92, 2.07)
Third quartile	2,382	1.32 (1.17, 1.48)^c	1,726	1.94 (1.34, 2.81)^c
Fourth quartile	2,556	1.51 (1.35, 1.69)^c	1,831	2.15 (1.51, 3.07)^c
		Model 1b		Model 2b
Maternal childhood experience of sexual abuse
None	7,726	1.00 (Reference)	5,500	1.00 (Reference)
Mild	2,665	1.12 (1.01, 1.23)^a	1,896	0.95 (0.70, 1.30)
Moderate	685	1.19 (1.01, 1.40)^a	483	1.09 (0.65, 1.84)
Severe	326	1.69 (1.37, 2.10)^c	229	2.11 (1.25, 3.57)^b

Wald χ² P < .05.

Wald χ² P < .01.

Wald χ² P < .001.

All models were adjusted for sex, and race, and maternal childhood socioeconomic status. Risk ratios were estimated using generalized estimating equations with a log link and Poisson distributions, using SAS PROC GENMOD.