Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and performance characteristics of study participants
| Control Subjects (CON) |
Schizophrenia Patients (SCZ) |
Bipolar Patients (BP) |
ADHD Patients (ADHD) |
Statistic | Patterna | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | p | |||
| Demographic | |||||||||||
| Age (yrs) | 31.34 | 8.47 | 35.84 | 8.61 | 35.29 | 9.03 | 32.91 | 10.67 | F(3,1250) = 8.25 | p<.001 | C<B**; C<S*** |
| Gender (%male) | 46.7% | 75.9% | 57.1% | 52.2% | X2(3)= 20.537 | p<.001 | S>A; S>B; S>C | ||||
| Education | 15.02 | 2.01 | 12.66 | 1.84 | 14.55 | 1.96 | 14.61 | 1.73 | F(3,1250) = 26.58 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C*** |
| Maternal Education | 13.09 | 3.88 | 12.33 | 2.87 | 13.67 | 3.44 | 14.50 | 2.49 | F(3,1229) = 3.12 | p=.025 | S<A* |
| Paternal Education | 13.72 | 4.26 | 13.04 | 3.74 | 15.13 | 3.64 | 14.67 | 2.80 | F(3.1194) = 2.85 | p=.036 | S<B(ns) |
| Ethnicity (%hispanic) | 40.7% | 58.6% | 26.5% | 15.2% | X2(3)= 24.067 | p<.001 | S>C>A,B | ||||
| Clinical Rating Scales | |||||||||||
| Hamilton Depressionb | n/a | 15.45 | 11.5 | 18.11 | 13.01 | 10.78 | 7.25 | F(2,144)=5.28 | p=.006 | A<B** | |
| BPRS | n/a | 52.74 | 14.98 | 44.81 | 11.05 | 38.02 | 7.31 | F(2,147)=19.90 | p<.001 | S>A***,S>B**, B>A* | |
| SAPS | n/a | 32.16 | 22.32 | 7.17 | 8.41 | n/a | F(1,82)=44.36 | p<.001 | |||
| SANS | n/a | 38.24 | 24.09 | 20.05 | 13.12 | n/a | F(1,85)=18.76 | p<.001 | |||
| Neuropsychological Performance (Raw score) | |||||||||||
| CVLT | 55.62 | 9.23 | 40.62 | 10.07 | 51.49 | 11.17 | 54.74 | 8.74 | F(3, 1249)=38.11 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C***, B<C* |
| Visual Reproduction I | 37.53 | 4.79 | 31.98 | 8.22 | 35.86 | 5.03 | 36.96 | 5.59 | F(3,1249)=19.24 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C*** |
| Visual Reproduction II | 31.40 | 8.21 | 22.95 | 10.98 | 27.31 | 10.17 | 29.63 | 9.04 | F(3,1249)=15.22 | p<.001 | S<A,C***, S<B*, B<C** |
| Symbol Spanc | 24.31 | 6.36 | 17.00 | 6.14 | 21.96 | 6.46 | 22.37 | 6.94 | F(3,1247)=19.62 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C*** |
| Digit Span | 29.47 | 6.02 | 22.93 | 5.17 | 28.37 | 6.11 | 29.13 | 4.70 | F(3,1249)=20.93 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C*** |
| Letter-Number Sequencing | 20.47 | 3.17 | 17.47 | 3.24 | 19.80 | 2.69 | 19.93 | 2.61 | F(3,1249)=15.02 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C*** |
| Vocabulary | 41.16 | 9.83 | 31.16 | 10.46 | 42.59 | 9.85 | 43.07 | 9.72 | F(3,1249)=19.84 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C*** |
| Matrix Reasoning | 19.59 | 4.27 | 15.26 | 5.22 | 19.22 | 4.41 | 20.39 | 3.76 | F(3,1249)=16.70 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C*** |
| Color Trails 1 | 34.24 | 12.75 | 43.31 | 19.47 | 35.16 | 11.05 | 35.41 | 12.24 | F(3,1248)=6.93 | p<.001 | S<C***,S<B**, S<A* |
| Color Trail 2 | 66.88 | 20.41 | 88.17 | 27.54 | 70.86 | 17.97 | 69.63 | 20.92 | F(3,1249)=15.47 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C*** |
| Memory Performance (d-prime) | |||||||||||
| Remember-Know | 1.77 | .70 | 1.19 | .83 | 1.47 | .77 | 1.70 | .71 | F(3,1127)=10.59 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C***, B<C* |
| Scene Recognition | 2.37 | .72 | 1.72 | .78 | 2.29 | .69 | 2.43 | .72 | F(3,1247)=13.91 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C*** |
| Spatial Capacity | 2.60 | .69 | 1.92 | .89 | 2.42 | .70 | 2.35 | .84 | F(3,1130)=16.59 | p<.001 | S<C***, S<B**, S<A* |
| Verbal Capacity | 2.41 | .67 | 1.80 | .88 | 2.06 | .59 | 2.36 | .73 | F(3,1131)=12.58 | p<.001 | S<A,C***, B<C** |
| Spatial Maintenance | 2.43 | 1.08 | 1.52 | 1.32 | 2.16 | 1.05 | 2.21 | 1.29 | F(3,1246)=12.26 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C*** |
| Spatial Manipulation | 1.54 | 1.01 | 1.19 | .98 | 1.42 | 1.13 | 1.43 | 1.05 | F(3,1247)=2.17 | p=.090 | |
| Verbal Maintenance | 3.28 | 1.25 | 1.81 | 1.32 | 3.02 | 1.35 | 3.02 | 1.33 | F(3,1246)=20.29 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C*** |
| Verbal Manipulationd | 2.41 | 1.41 | 1.14 | 1.22 | 1.78 | 1.40 | 2.19 | 1.29 | F(3,1246)=13.16 | p<.001 | S<A,B,C***, B<C* |
Mean and standard deviation for each group on demographic, clinical and behavioral testing measures. Statistical tests reported are those with age and gender as a covariate. For the neuropsychological test battery the primary metric used was the total raw score for each measure. True positive, false positive, true negative and false negative scores were calculated for the computer based memory performance measures and the primary metric used for this study was d-prime.
For tests where there was a main effect of group, post-hoc contrasts using Tukey’s HSD were performed. A=ADHD, B=BP, C=CON, S=SCZ. Only significant differences are reported (*** p<.001;** p<.01; *p<.05).
There was a main effect of group on Hamilton Depression score. Tukey’s HSD indicate lower depression scores for ADHD compared to BP (p=.005) and a trend towards lower depression scores for ADHD compared to SCZ (p=.087)
There was a main effect of group on SSP performance. Tukey’s HSD indicate worse performance for SCZ than CON, ADHD, and BP (all p<.001). There were no other significant group differences though there was a trend towards worse performance for BP than CON (p=.056)
There was a main effect of group on VMNM manipulation performance. Tukey’s HSD indicate worse performance for SCZ than CON and ADHD (p<.001). BP also demonstrated worse performance than CON (p=.012). There was a trend towards worse performance for SCZ than BP (p=.092).