Table 5.

Pain and disability outcome measures - follow-up

Outcome measure	Study	Sample size			Statistic used	Heterogeneity	Effect size		Test for overall effect		Notes
		Intervention	Control	Total		I 2 (%)		[95 % CI]	Z-value	p-value
PAIN INTENSITY
Education versus usual care
“average pain”	Soares 2002; Ruehlman 2013	18	17	35	SMD random	0	0.02	[−0.19, 0.24]	0.21	0.83	Figure 3
Comparison of different types of education
SF36 - bodily pain	van Oosterwijck 2013	15	15	30	MD random	n/a	−9.90	[−24.73, 4.93]	1.31	0.19
PPQ - pain in the last week	Ferrell 1997	10	10	20	MD random	n/a	−6.50	[−22.94, 9.94]	0.78	0.44	Sample >65 years
DISABILITY
Education versus usual care
PCP-S - interference	Ruehlman 2012	162	143	305	MD random	n/a	0.46	[−1.46, 2.38]	0.47	0.64	Figure 5
comparison of different types of education
SF36 - physical function	van Oosterwijck 2013	15	15	30	MD random	n/a	8.40	[−4.27, 21.07]	1.30	0.19	Figure 7
SF36 - physical function	Ferrell 1997	10	10	20	MD random	n/a	−1.80	[−15.71, 12.11]	0.25	0.80	Sample >65 years

PCP-S profile of chronic pain-screening, PPQ patient pain questionnaire, SF-36 RAND 36-item health survey, 95 % CI 95 % confidence interval; Effect size represented as standardised mean difference (SMD) or mean difference (MD) depending on statistic used; Random = random effects model; heterogeneity is not applicable (n/a) when reported as single study