Table 3.
Risk of type 2 diabetes according to the dose and intensity of leisure-time exercisea
| Inactive | Low dose | Physical activity meeting recommendation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n)/Person-years | HR | Cases (n)/Person-years | HR | Median dose | High dose | |||
| (95 % CI) | ||||||||
| Cases (n)/ | HR | Cases (n)/Person-years | HR | |||||
| Person-years | (95 % CI) | (95 % CI) | ||||||
| Model 1b | ||||||||
| 1,210/91,266 | 1 | |||||||
| MPA alone | 219/17,996 | 0.89 | 128/8,514 | 1.03 | 73/5,594 | 0.85 | ||
| (0.77, 1.02) | (0.86, 1.23) | (0.67, 1.08) | ||||||
| VPA alone | 20/2,984 | 0.59 | 18/1,947 | 0.77 | 23/2,267 | 0.76 | ||
| (0.38, 0.92) | (0.48, 1.22) | (0.51, 1.15) | ||||||
| Both | 18/2,099 | 0.66 | 20/2,817 | 0.53 | 41/4,254 | 0.68 | ||
| (0.41, 1.05) | (0.34, 0.82) | (0.50, 0.92) | ||||||
| Model 2c | ||||||||
| 1 | ||||||||
| MPA alone | 0.94 | 1.07 | 0.90 | |||||
| (0.81, 1.08) | (0.89, 1.28) | (0.71, 1.14) | ||||||
| VPA alone | 0.68 | 0.86 | 0.88 | |||||
| (0.44, 1.06) | (0.54, 1.38) | (0.58, 1.33) | ||||||
| Both | 0.70 | 0.57 | 0.75 | |||||
| (0.44, 1.11) | (0.37, 0.89) | (0.55, 1.03) | ||||||
| Model 3d | ||||||||
| 1 | ||||||||
| MPA alone | 0.94 | 1.07 | 0.90 | |||||
| (0.81, 1.08) | (0.88, 1.30) | (0.67, 1.21) | ||||||
| VPA alone | 0.68 | 0.86 | 0.89 | |||||
| (0.44, 1.06) | (0.54, 1.34) | (0.56, 1.41) | ||||||
| Both | 0.70 | 0.57 | 0.76 | |||||
| (0.44, 1.11) | (0.37, 0.90) | (0.52, 1.11) | ||||||
Abbreviations: MPA, moderate-intensity physical activity; VPA, vigorous-intensity physical activity
aMedium dose of leisure-time exercise were 3.5, 10.4, and 21.0 for >0 to <7.5, 7.5 to 15.5, and ≥15.5 MET-hours per week of leisure-time exercise among those who engaged in moderate-intensity exercise alone, 3.8, 10.7, and 25.6 for >0 to <7.5, 7.5 to 15.5, and ≥15.5 MET-hours per week of leisure-time exercise among those who engaged in vigorous-intensity exercise alone, and 5.0, 10.8, and 25.7 for >0 to <7.5, 7.5 to 15.5, and ≥15.5 MET-hours per week of leisure-time exercise among those who engaged in both moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise
bAdjusted for age (years, continuous) and sex
cAdjusted for age (years, continuous), sex, shift work (yes or no), sleep duration (<5, <6, 6 to <7, or ≥7 h per day), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, current drinker consuming <1, 1 to <2, or ≥2 go of Japanese sake equivalent per day [1 go of Japanese sake contains approximately 23 g of ethanol]), smoking (never, past, current smoker consuming 1 to 20 or ≥21 cigarettes per day), hypertension (yes or no), a family history of diabetes (yes or no), occupational activity (mostly sedentary, mostly standing, walking often, or fairly active), and walking for commuting to and from work (<20, 20 to <40, or ≥40 min of walking)
dAdjusted for factors in model 2 plus the total dose of moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity during leisure time (MET-hour per week, continuous)