Table 1.

Studies Examining Prolonged Standing and LBP.

Author (Year)	Study Population	Brief Summary
Engles et al., (1996)	846 nursing staff in Netherlands.	Workers who reported being “hampered by standing” at work had an increased risk of LBP (OR=3.07) and leg pain (OR=4.9) compared to those who were not hampered by standing at work.
Roelofs et al., (2002)	30 Australian bank tellers (24 F, 6 M).	Self-reported discomfort was highest for the low back due to standing, compared to those who sit or use a combination of sitting and standing.
Yip (2004)	144 Hong Kong nurses.	In a 12-month prospective study of prolonged standing at work, authors did not show a positive relationship between standing and risk of LBP (p value was 0.19).
Andersen et al., (2007)	5,604 Danish workers from industrial and service companies.	In a 24 month prospective study of LBP and other MSD outcomes, the authors found that prolonged standing of more than 30 minutes per hour was associated with an increased Odds Ratio (OR) for LBP (OR = 2.1) and leg pain (OR = 1.7).
Drury et al., (2008)	United States TSA baggage screeners (7 M, 5F).	Those who stand for long periods during the day reported statistically significant (sig.) greater body parts discomfort in the back, legs, and feet compared to those who sit most of the day.
Nelson-Wong et al., (2008)	23 (12 M, 11 F) Canadian volunteers.	Subjects who reported low back pain showed higher co-activation of the left and right GM muscles versus those who did not report LBP during the standing task.
Tissot et al., (2009)	4517 M + 3213 F responding to the Quebec Social + Health Survey criteria.	Self-reported standing without freedom to sit was associated with increased reports of LBP for men, but not for women.
Roffey et al., (2010)	Review of 2,766 citations (only18 met review criteria).	Concluded that it was unlikely that occupational standing or walking is independently causative of LBP.
Nelson-Wong et al., (2010a,b,c)	2010a-43 (22 M, 21 F) 2010b-16 (8 M, 6 F) Canadian volunteers.	The authors reported evidence of low back problems following exposure to prolonged standing tasks. Standing on 16° sloped surface reduced LBP pain scores for pain development group.
Marshall et al., (2011)	24 (8 M, 16 F) Canadian volunteers.	Evidence suggesting that GM endurance and co-activation were affected by prolonged standing and this influenced reports of LBP.