Table 2.

Studies Examining Prolonged Standing and Cardiovascular Problems.

Author (Year)	Study Population	Brief Summary
Krijen et al., (1997b)	387 Dutch Male workers in a standing profession.	Age and body weight were risk factors for presence of CVI and that the number of years having a standing profession was identified as a risk factor for severity of CVI.
Krijen et al., (1997c)	387 Dutch Male workers in a standing profession.	Leg volume increased sig. after two days of exposure to prolonged standing and that the increase in leg volume was associated with subjective complaints in the legs.
Tomei et al., 1999	336 M Italian workers (industrial, office + stonemasons).	Proportion of workers standing for ≥ 50% of the work shift was higher in phlebopathic than in non-phlebopathic workers; and, being over 40 years of age increased risk of phlebopathy.
Krause et al., (2000)	584 Finish men in Kuöpio Ischemic Heart Disease study.	Prolonged standing at work associated with increased risk of development of carotid atherosclerosis, + those with stenosis or Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) are at sig. increased risk.
Tüchsen et al., (2000)	5940 Danish Workers ages 20–59.	Increased risk ratio for varicose veins for men (1.85, 95% CI 1.33–2.36) and women (2.63, 95% CI 2.25–3.02) when working mostly in standing position. Risk adjusted for age, social group and smoking.
Kraemer et al., (2000)	12 US F volunteers.	Prolonged standing sig. increases orthostatic stress on workers (i.e., increased body mass and total body water + increase in popliteal and posterior vein size + sig. increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure) and increased discomfort.
McCulloch (2002)	17 studies of workers in jobs requiring standing > 8h from many countries.	In a review of studies examining the health risks associated with prolonged standing for > 8 h, found evidence that prolonged standing was associated with a sig. occurrence of Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI).
Partsch et al., (2004)	12 Austrian workers (8 F, 4 M) who worked in compression stocking factory.	Edema in the legs increased between 10.2 and 220.3 mL after standing an average of 3.2 h/d, and patients with varicose veins and with venous edema had more pronounced evening edema than individuals without visible veins.
Ngomo et al., (2008)	Study 1–34 (11 M, 23 F) health care workers. Study 2–36 (21 M, 24 F) factory + laundry. Canada.	Prolonged static standing affects arterial blood pressure (BP) and may result in orthostatic intolerance (OI) and other hemodynamic changes.
Sudol-Szopinska et al., (2007) and Sudol-Szopinska et al., (2011)	2007-160 office + bakery workers (97 F, 63 M). 2011-126 office + laboratory workers. Poland.	Occurrence of CVD symptoms were significantly higher for workers who work in a standing position compared with workers who primarily work in a sitting position.
Bahk et al., (2012)	2165 (1203 F, 962 M) South Koreans. Workers.	Sig. ORs for varicose veins in women (2.99, 95% CI 1.26–7.08) + men (7.93, 95% CI 3.15–19.95) with prolonged standing > 4h/d. Nocturnal leg cramps were sig. only for men (2.93, 95% CI 1.73–4.97).