Table 3. Association of all myopia and myopia (low, moderate or high), by key socio-demographic factors.
| All myopia | High myopia | Moderate myopia | Low myopia | Emmetropia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (SE ≤-1D) | (SE ≤-6D) | (SE -5.99 to -3D) | (SE -2.99 to -1D) | (SE -0.99 to 0.99D) | |||||
| N + | Odds Ratio | N + | Odds Ratio | N + | Odds Ratio | N + | Odds Ratio | N + | |
| Factors | 56,470 | [95% CI] | 8,528 | [95% CI] | 20,087 | [95% CI] | 27,855 | [95% CI] | 94,359 |
| Eye ++ | |||||||||
| Right eye | 28,462 | 1 | 4,290 | 1 | 10,114 | 1 | 14,058 | 1 | 47,403 |
| Left eye | 28,008 | 0.99 [0.98, 1.00] | 4,238 | 0.99 [0.97, 1.02] | 9,973 | 0.99 [0.98, 1.01] | 13,797 | 0.99 [0.97, 1.01] | 46,956 |
| Age group (years) | |||||||||
| 40–44 | 6160 | 1 | 915 | 1 | 2,214 | 1 | 3,031 | 1 | 12,975 |
| 45–49 | 8293 | 1.13 [1.07, 1.20] | 1,301 | 1.20 [1.06, 1.35] | 2,903 | 1.10 [1.02, 1.19] | 4,089 | 1.13 [1.06, 1.21] | 15,439 |
| 50–54 | 9819 | 1.30 [1.23, 1.38] | 1,556 | 1.35 [1.21, 1.52] | 3,465 | 1.27 [1.17, 1.37] | 4,798 | 1.30 [1.22, 1.39] | 15,622 |
| 55–59 | 10,831 | 1.35 [1.28, 1.43] | 1,729 | 1.37 [1.22, 1.54] | 3,823 | 1.31 [1.21, 1.42] | 5,279 | 1.37 [1.28, 1.46] | 16,212 |
| 60–64 | 13,123 | 1.34 [1.27, 1.41] | 1,945 | 1.25 [1.11, 1.41] | 4,667 | 1.30 [1.20, 1.41] | 6,511 | 1.37 [1.28, 1.46] | 20,352 |
| 65–69 | 8244 | 1.31 [1.24, 1.40] | 1,082 | 1.10 [0.96, 1.25] | 3,015 | 1.33 [1.22, 1.45] | 4,147 | 1.34 [1.25, 1.44] | 13,759 |
| Gender ++ | |||||||||
| Male | 25,661 | 1 | 3,539 | 1 | 8,779 | 1 | 13,343 | 1 | 44,459 |
| Female | 30,809 | 1.07 [1.04, 1.11] | 4,989 | 1.24 [1.16, 1.31] | 11,308 | 1.15 [1.10, 1.20] | 14,512 | 0.97 [0.94, 1.00] | 49,900 |
| Highest educational qualification * ++ | |||||||||
| No qualification | 4081 | 1 | 437 | 1 | 1,251 | 1 | 2,393 | 1 | 13,381 |
| ‘O’ level | 13,538 | 1.70 [1.61, 1.80] | 1,786 | 2.01 [1.75, 2.32] | 4,494 | 1.84 [1.68, 2.01] | 7,258 | 1.57 [1.47, 1.68] | 27,124 |
| ‘A’ level | 10,062 | 1.94 [1.83, 2.05] | 1,417 | 2.43 [2.11, 2.82] | 3,534 | 2.22 [2.03, 2.43] | 5,111 | 1.68 [1.57, 1.80] | 7,511 |
| Higher-level | 28,789 | 2.62 [2.49, 2.76] | 4,888 | 3.90 [3.42, 4.46] | 10,808 | 3.19 [2.94, 3.47] | 13,093 | 2.07 [1.94, 2.20] | 36,343 |
| Accommodation tenure ++ | |||||||||
| Council rental | 2,761 | 1 | 351 | 1 | 879 | 1 | 1,531 | 1 | 7,157 |
| Private rental | 2,029 | 0.99 [0.90, 1.08] | 291 | 1.02 [0.82, 1.26] | 701 | 1.04 [0.91, 1.20] | 1,035 | 0.96 [0.86, 1.09] | 4,507 |
| Own with mortgage | 21,995 | 1.22 [1.15, 1.30] | 3,225 | 1.32 [1.13, 1.53] | 7,740 | 1.31 [1.18, 1.44] | 11,029 | 1.16 [1.08, 1.26] | 38,212 |
| Own | 29,687 | 1.33 [1.25, 1.42] | 4,661 | 1.65 [1.41, 1.93] | 10,766 | 1.47 [1.33, 1.63] | 14,260 | 1.19 [1.10, 1.29] | 44,483 |
| Ethnicity ++ | |||||||||
| White | 51,233 | 1 | 7,652 | 1 | 18,239 | 1 | 25,342 | 1 | 83,470 |
| Mixed | 576 | 1.00 [0.87, 1.15] | 111 | 1.22 [0.94, 1.59] | 206 | 1.00 [0.82, 1.22] | 259 | 0.93 [0.78, 1.11] | 950 |
| Asian/Asian British | 1,880 | 0.78 [0.72, 0.84] | 309 | 0.82 [0.70, 0.96] | 690 | 0.81 [0.72, 0.90] | 881 | 0.74 [0.68, 0.82] | 3,940 |
| Black/Black British | 1,675 | 0.73 [0.67, 0.79] | 232 | 0.65 [0.54, 0.78] | 536 | 0.65 [0.57, 0.74] | 907 | 0.79 [0.72, 0.88] | 3,965 |
| Chinese | 448 | 1.86 [1.54, 2.23] | 132 | 3.44 [2.62, 4.50] | 185 | 2.11 [1.66, 2.67] | 131 | 1.15 [0.90, 1.47] | 365 |
| Other | 658 | 0.64 [0.57, 0.72] | 92 | 0.57 [0.43, 0.76] | 231 | 0.63 [0.52, 0.76] | 335 | 0.68 [0.59, 0.79] | 1,669 |
* No qualifications, State school examinations at 16 years of age (‘O’ levels), at 18 years (‘A’ levels) or University/other professional qualification
+: Number of eyes;
++ model adjusted for eye laterality, gender, age (continuous), educational qualification, accommodation tenure, ethnicity and test centre.