Table 1. Baseline characteristics of subjects according to albuminuria.
Characteristics | ACR (mg/g) | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
<30 (N = 227) | 30–299 (N = 455) | ≥300 (N = 774) | ||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Age (years) | 52.8 ± 13.4 | 53.5 ± 12.1 | 53.7 ± 12.2 | 0.59 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 3.2 | 24.1 ± 3.2 | 24.8 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 125.1 ± 14.2 | 125.7 ± 15.0 | 130.1 ± 17.3 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.8 ± 10.9 | 76.0 ± 10.4 | 77.2 ± 11.5 | 0.18 |
MAP (mmHg) | 92.9 ± 11.1 | 92.6 ± 10.9 | 94.9 ± 12.3 | <0.01 |
Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 48.3 ± 10.0 | 49.6 ± 11.4 | 52.9 ± 12.7 | <0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 72.8 ± 30.1 | 53.2 ± 28.6 | 44.9 ± 28.7 | <0.001 |
PCR (mg/g) | 53.0 ± 43.4 | 216.6 ± 133.6 | 2,205.7 ± 2,398.3 | <0.001 |
24-h urine protein (mg/day) | 143.6 ± 640.4 | 314.7 ± 299.1 | 2,132.4 ± 2,178.0 | <0.001 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.77 ± 1.56 | 12.96 ± 1.84 | 12.46 ± 2.07 | <0.001 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 143.3 ± 133.9 | 136.9 ± 143.1 | 138.0 ± 148.5 | 0.86 |
TSAT (%) | 33.3 ± 13.1 | 30.9 ± 11.7 | 31.3 ± 12.3 | 0.05 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.40 ± 0.26 | 4.31 ± 0.29 | 4.04 ± 0.44 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 174.6 ± 32.3 | 169.2 ± 33.2 | 175.7 ± 40.9 | 0.01 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.27 ± 0.37 | 9.21 ± 0.46 | 9.01 ± 0.58 | <0.001 |
Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.50 ± 0.52 | 3.57 ± 0.59 | 3.84 ± 0.71 | <0.001 |
PTH (pg/mL) | 50.9 ± 48.4 | 64.3 ± 54.8 | 87.4 ± 90.3 | <0.001 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.13 ± 1.90 | 6.99 ± 1.91 | 7.54 ± 1.91 | <0.001 |
CRP (mg/L) | 0.15 ± 0.37 | 0.22 ± 0.59 | 0.20 ± 0.51 | 0.26 |
LVMI (g/m2) | 87.3 ± 22.1 | 91.9 ± 25.1 | 99.0 ± 30.3 | <0.001 |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Male sex | 148 (65.2%) | 268 (58.9%) | 480 (62.0%) | 0.26 |
Smokers | 45 (19.8%) | 68 (15.0%) | 127 (16.4%) | 0.28 |
Cause of CKD | <0.001 | |||
DM | 9 (4.0%) | 67 (14.7%) | 240 (31.0%) | |
HTN | 72 (31.7%) | 96 (21.1%) | 129 (16.7%) | |
GN | 24 (10.6%) | 148 (32.5%) | 345 (44.6%) | |
PKD | 108 (47.6%) | 125 (27.5%) | 22 (2.8%) | |
Unclassified | 14 (6.2%) | 19 (4.2%) | 38 (4.9%) | |
Hypertension | 196 (89.1%) | 414 (94.3%) | 718 (95.7%) | 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 30 (13.6%) | 108 (24.6%) | 329 (43.9%) | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular disease | 29 (13.2%) | 72 (16.4%) | 126 (16.8%) | 0.43 |
Use of iron agent | 16 (7.1%) | 66 (14.6%) | 132 (17.1%) | 0.001 |
Use of ESA | 7 (3.1%) | 29 (6.4%) | 91 (11.8%) | <0.001 |
ACEI use | 18 (9.0%) | 43 (10.0%) | 117 (15.4%) | <0.01 |
ARB use | 157 (78.9%) | 360 (83.5%) | 628 (82.8%) | 0.34 |
Data are expressed as mean (with standard deviation) or number (%).
Abbreviations: ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetic mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESA, erythropoiesis stimulating agent; GN, glomerulonephritis; HTN, hypertension; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PCR, protein-to-creatinine ratio; PKD, polycystic kidney disease; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TSAT, transferrin saturation.