Table 3:
Results of 2-part regression model predicting health care utilization and total health care costs over a 12-month period
| Variable | Odds of health care expenditure* n = 67 033 |
Total health care costs per person† n = 59 817 |
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| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted‡ OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted mean, $ (95% CI) | Adjusted‡ mean, $ (95% CI) | |
| Food insecurity status | ||||
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| Food secure | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1516 (1498–1534) | 1438 (1421–1455) |
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| Marginally food insecure | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | 1748 (1647–1849) | 1673 (1579–1767) |
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| Moderately food insecure | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) | 1.33 (1.18–1.50) | 2143 (2037–2249) | 1892 (1800–1985) |
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| Severely food insecure | 1.54 (1.30–1.81) | 1.71 (1.44–2.04) | 3078 (2883–3273) | 2529 (2370–2688) |
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| Age§ | 1.02 (1.02–1.02) | 1.02 (1.02–1.02) | 1542 (1525–1559) | 1494 (1478–1511) |
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| Sex | ||||
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| Male | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1216 (1196–1237) | 1128 (1109–1146) |
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| Female | 3.00 (2.84–3.16) | 2.98 (2.83–3.15) | 2011 (1981–2041) | 1855 (1828–1882) |
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| Education level | ||||
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| Less than secondary school graduation | 0.96 (0.88–1.03) | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 1989 (1922–2057) | 1678 (1622–1734) |
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| Secondary school graduation | 0.87 (0.81–0.92) | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 1521 (1481–1561) | 1460 (1423–1497) |
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| Some postsecondary school | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 1382 (1327–1436) | 1446 (1391–1502) |
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| Postsecondary school graduation | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1585 (1562–1609) | 1480 (1459–1500) |
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| Homeowner | ||||
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| Yes | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1523 (1504–1543) | 1447 (1428–1465) |
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| No | 0.74 (0.70–0.78) | 0.77 (0.72–0.82) | 1869 (1824–1915) | 1673 (1630–1717) |
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| No. of children < 18 yr in household | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | 1600 (1581–1618) | 1494 (1478–1511) |
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| No. of adults in household | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | 1.05 (1.0–1.08) | 1586 (1568–1604) | 1494 (1478–1511) |
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| Neighbourhood income quintile | ||||
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| 1 (lowest) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1759 (1714–1805) | 1526 (1487–1566) |
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| 2 | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1613 (1572–1654) | 1485 (1449–1522) |
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| 3 | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 1.00 (0.93–1.09) | 1558 (1519–1598) | 1473 (1438–1509) |
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| 4 | 1.18 (1.09–1.27) | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | 1553 (1513–1592) | 1495 (1459–1532) |
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| 5 (highest) | 1.20 (1.11–1.30) | 1.11 (1.03–1.21) | 1553 (1513–1592) | 1493 (1456–1530) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio, ref = reference group.
Part 1: logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds of incurring any v. no health care cost over the 12-month period, excluding Ontario Drug Benefit costs.
Part 2: ordinary least-squares regression analysis was used to determine the total health care costs per person associated with each variable, conditional on incurring any cost during the same 12-month period. Costs were adjusted to 2012 Canadian dollars. Model estimates have been retransformed to provide the predicted cost at the mean value for each variable.
Adjusted for all other variables in the table.
Odds ratios are per year increase in age.