FIG. 9.

Multiresolution persistent homology analysis of a DNA segment from 1SLS. It can be observed that at the highest resolution (0.2 Å), only the atomic information is observed as in (a). Local pentagon and hexagon ring structures start to appear in (b) and (c) when resolution decreases. Inter-nucleic acid structures emerge and gradually dominate the barcodes if η exceeds 1.0 Å. Further increase in resolution values eliminates most transitional local and global topological invariants, leaving the largest loop as demonstrated in (f). One can expect that the DNA molecule will evolve into a feature-less sphere if resolution parameter reaches a certain limit.