Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients.
| Characteristic | Overall (n=73) | OSAa (n=58) | No OSA (n=15) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AHI | 19.8±18.9 | 24.5±18.7 | 2.2±1.6 | <0.0001b |
| Age, years | 59.5±11.6 | 60.4±11.4 | 56.2±12.3 | 0.22 |
| Female sex | 16 (21.9) | 12 (20.7) | 4 (26.7) | 0.73 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.3±7.5 | 30.1±7.2 | 30.9±7.2 | 0.73 |
| Large neck sizec | 22 (30.1) | 22 (37.9) | 0 | 0.003b |
| Waist, inches | 42.1±5.9 | 42.7±6.0 | 40.0±5.3 | 0.13 |
| Hypertension | 41 (56.2) | 34 (58.6) | 7 (46.7) | 0.16 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 38 (52.1) | 31 (55.2) | 6 (40.0) | 0.39 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 18 (24.7) | 14 (24.1) | 4 (26.7) | 0.99 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 7 (9.6) | 7 (12.1) | 0 | 0.33 |
| Asthma/COPD | 8 (11.0) | 7 (12.1) | 1 (6.7) | 0.99 |
| Coronary artery disease | 15 (20.6) | 14 (24.1) | 1 (6.7) | 0.17 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 5 (6.9) | 5 (8.62) | 0 | 0.58 |
| Congestive heart failure | 5 (6.9) | 4 (6.9) | 1 (7.1) | 0.99 |
| History of tobacco use | 49 (67.1) | 39 (67.24) | 10 (66.7) | 0.99 |
| Current alcohol use | 34 (46.6) | 28 (48.3) | 6 (40.0) | 0.77 |
| History of prior stroke/TIA | 15 (20.6) | 12 (20.7) | 3 (20.0) | 0.99 |
| ESS score > 10 | 68 (93.2) | 56 (96.6) | 12 (80.0) | 0.06 |
| High risk for OSA on Berlin Questionnaire | 47 (69.1) | 36 (65.6) | 11 (84.6) | 0.32 |
| PHQ-9 | 4.4±4.0 | 3.9±3.0 | 6.1±5.1 | 0.07 |
| Initial NIHSS | 2.3±2.3 | 2.1±2.3 | 2.8±2.3 | 0.31 |
| Modified Rankin Scale | 1.9±1.3 | 1.9±1.3 | 1.9±1.3 | 0.98 |
| tPA during hospitalization | 9 (12.3) | 6 (10.3) | 3 (20.0) | 0.38 |
| Low Ejection fractiond | 28 (38.4) | 20 (34.5) | 8 (53.3) | 0.24 |
| Presence of PFOe | 7 (9.6) | 6 (10.3) | 1 (6.7) | 0.99 |
| Initial SBP, mmHg | 133.8±19.6 | 134.4±20.8 | 131.2±14.5 | 0.58 |
| Initial DBP, mmHg | 80.9±8.6 | 80.8±8.9 | 81.4±7.4 | 0.81 |
| Presence of wake-up stroke | 2 (2.7) | 2 (2.7) | 0 | 0.99 |
| Facial weakness on NIHSS | 23 (31.9) | 14 (24.6) | 9 (60.0) | 0.01b |
| Dysarthria on NIHSS | 15 (20.8) | 8 (14.4) | 7 (46.7) | 0.01b |
| Presence of SVID | 40 (54.8) | 34 (58.6) | 6 (40.0) | 0.20 |
Shown are mean±SD or n (%). AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; PFO: patent foramen ovale; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SVID: small vessel ischemic disease; TIA: transient ischemic attack; tPA: tissue plasminogen activator.
OSA is defined as present when the AHI is ≥ 5 events/hour.
p Values < 0.05
Large neck is defined as > 16″ in women, > 17″ in men.
Low ejection fraction is defined as an ejection fraction < 50%.
Presence of PFO on echocardiogram during hospitalization or prior history of PFO.