Table 1. Summary of Studies Related to Diurnal Effect on Sports Performance a.
| References | Participants | Testing Methods | Intensity | Greatest VO2max/ Performance in Time of Day |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brisswalter et al. (2007) (2) | 14 Physically active males; Age: 22.3 ± 6.2 years | Cycling (L) | Max | 0700-0830 > 1900-2030 b |
| Carter et al. (2002) (3) | 9 Recreational volunteers; 6 Male; 3 Female; Age: 25 ± 8 years | Running (L) | Max | 0600 > 1800 > 1200 b |
| Chtourou et al. (2012) (4) | 20 Soccer players; Age: 17.6 ± 0.6 years | Yo-Yo test (F) | Max | 1700 > 0700 b |
| Torii et al. (1992) (5) | 12 Healthy sedentary males; Age: 30 years | Cycling (L) | Max | 1500-1530 b |
| Bessot et al. (2006) (6) | 11 Male competitive cyclists; Age: 19.1 ± 1.8 years | Cycling (L) | Max | NS |
| Martin & Thompson (2000) (7) | 7 Male collegiate swimmers; Age: 22 ± 4 years | Swimming (F) | Sub-max | NS |
| Reilly & Baxter (1983) (8) | 8 Female volunteers; Age: 19.5 years | Cycling (L) | Max | NS |
| Faria & Drummond (1982) (9) | 31 Participants; Age: 23.3 ± 0.7 years | Running (L) | Max | NS |
| Hill et al. (1989) (10) | 27 College students; 7 Male; 20 Female; Age: 26 ± 4 years | Cycling (L) | Max | NS |
| Giacomoni et al. (1999) (11) | 21 Female PE students; Age: 23 ± 3 years | Running (L) | Sub-max | 1700 |
| Hammouda et al. (2013) (12) | 15 Male soccer players; Age: 17.3 ± 0.5 years | Yo-Yo test (F) | Max | 1700 > 0700 b |
a Abbreviations: F, field test; L, laboratory-based test; Max, maximal; Sub-max, submaximal; VO2max, maximal oxygen uptake.
b Significant difference (P < 0.05), NS = No significant difference (P > 0.05).