. 2015 Jun 20;6(2):e25549. doi: 10.5812/asjsm.6(2)2015.25549

Table 2. Changes in Absolute Values (Mean ± SD) and Mean Difference Between Groups (95% CI) for the Outcome Measures Before (pre), Immediately (Imm) and 1 - 8 Days Following Eccentric Exercise of the Sauna (n = 14) and Control (CON; n = 14) Groups.

	Pre	Imm	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5	Day 6	Day 7	Day 8
Visual Analog Scale (VAS) [10 cm]
CON	0	2.5 (2.1) ^a	4.8 (1.9) ^a	5.0 (1.7) ^a	3.2 (1.7) ^a	2.0 (1.5) ^a	0.8 (0.8) ^a	0.2 (0.4) ^a	0 (0.09)	0.02 (0.07)
Sauna	0	2.4 (2.1) ^a	4.4 (2.1) ^a	4.1 (3.0) ^a	3.1 (2.3) ^a	1.5 (1.5) ^a	0.6 (0.7) ^a	0.2 (0.4) ^a	0.1 (0.3)	0 (0)
Mean dif (95% CI)	0.0 (0.0 – 0.0)	0.0 (-1.5 – 1.7)	0.4 (-1.1 – 2.0)	0.8 (-1.1 – 2.7)	0.2 (-1.4 – 1.8)	0.5 (-0.7 – 1.6)	0.2 (-0.4 – 0.7)	0.0 (-0.3 – 0.3)	0.0 (-0.2 – 0.1)	0.0 (-0.0 – 0.0)
Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT), kPa
CON	300.2 (112.0)	269.3 (103.9) ^a	172.2 (80.4) ^a	174.3 (82.8) ^a	202.8 (79.0) ^a	238.2 (83.0) ^a	253.7 (79.1) ^a	284.5 (116.9)	292.0 (99.4)	302.3 (120.8)
Sauna	476.5 (111.0)	395 (115.4) ^a	315.1 (140)^a	360.8 (170.4) ^a	391.0 (143.4) ^a	410.9 (142.4) ^a	431.1 (138.8) ^a	448.9 (123.9)	462.1 (117.4)	468.9 (119.2)
Mean dif (95% CI)	-176.4 (-263 – -89)	-125.9 (-211 – -40)	-142.9 (-231 – -54)	-186.5 (-290 – -82)	-188.3 (-278 – -98)	-172.7 (-263 – -82)	-177.3 (-265 – -89)	-164.3 (-257 – -70)	-170.2 (-254 – -85)	-166.5 (-259 – -73)
Range of Motion-PassiveFlexion (ROM-PF) [degree]
CON	98.9 (6.7)	89.8 (13.3)	69.2 (10.8) ^a	64.6 (13.1) ^a	70.6 (11.7) ^a	75.7 (12.1) ^a	83.7 (9.6) ^a	87.6 (11.6)	91.7 (8.9)	94.2 (8.8)
Sauna	92.6 (12.6)	88.2 (13.4)	82.5 (17.0) ^{a, b}	80.7 (23.0) ^{a, b}	81.1 (23.7) ^{a, b}	85.2 (21.0) a, b	87.3 (17.1) ^{a, b}	89.9 (15.3)^b	91.5 (14.1)^b	92.9 (13.9)
Mean dif (95% CI)	6.3 (-1.6 – 14.2)	1.6 (-8.8 – 11.9)	13.3 (-24.3 – -2.2)	15.4 (-29.9 – -0.8)	10.5 (-25.0 – 4.0)	9.5 (-22.8 – 3.8)	3.6 (-14.4 – 7.2)	2.3 (-12.8 – 8.2)	0.1 (-8.9 – 9.3)	1.3 (-7.7 – 10.3)
Range of Motion-Passive Extension (ROM-PE) [degree]
CON	98.2 (8.7)	89.6 (9.9) ^a	79.9 (13.4) ^a	77.6 (16.9)^a	84.0 (15.4) ^a	88.0 (12.4)	91.4 (12.4)	93.5 (11.4)	95.5 (11.3)	96.2 (12.3)
Sauna	111.3 (12.4)	105.1 (14.5)	103.9 (12.4) ^b	103.9 (11.7) b	105.8 (12.6)	106.9 (15.6)	108.9 (13.1)	110.0 (11.8)	110.5 (10.6)	110.5 (12.4)
Mean dif (95% CI)	-13.1 (-21.4 – -4.8)	-15.5 (-25.2 – -5.9)	-24.0 (-34.0 – -13.9)	-26.3 (-37.6 – -14.9)	-21.7 (-32.8 – -10.7)	-18. (-29.8 – -7.9)	-17.5 (-27.4 – -7.6)	-16.5 (-25.5 – -7.5)	-14.9 (-23.5 – -6.4)	-14.3 (-23.9 – -4.7)
Grip Strength-Pain free (GS) [N]
CON	301.0 (50.1)	156.1 (68.8) ^a	155.7 (79.0) ^a	152.3 (77.8) ^a	208.8 (99.2) ^a	236.3 (73.3)	261.2 (65.8)	268.7 (75.6)	284.3 (81.5)	286.2 (76.5)
Sauna	303.4 (78.3)	212.8 (65.8) ^{a, b}	221.7 (93.7) ^{a, b}	235.3 (90.2) ^b	255.4 (89.9)	275.9 (82.9 )	290.5 (78.6)	293.1 (68.6)	293.6 (82.3)	308.9 (72.8)
Mean dif (95% CI)	-2.4 (-53.5 – 48.6)	-56.7 (-109.0 – -4.4)	-65.9 (-133.3 – 1.4)	-82.9 (-148.4 – -17.6)	-46.5 (-120.1 – 27.0)	-39.5 (-100.3 – 21.3)	-29.4 (-85.7 – 26.9)	-24.4 (-80.5 – 31.7)	-9.4 (-72.9 – 54.3)	-22.7 (-80.7 – 35.3)
Wrist Extensor Strength-Pain free (WES) [N]
CON	96.3 (26.2)	37.2 (18.0) ^a	32.3 (13.7) ^a	36.8 (16.4) ^a	52.3 (24.9) ^a	67.6 (26.8) ^a	71.4 (25.1) ^a	75.9 (27.4) ^a	82.5 (25.1) ^a	88.3 (25.5)
Sauna	75.8 (17.4)	41.2 (15.3) ^a	49.5 (25.7) ^b	56.2 (24.5) ^b	60.9 (23.9) ^b	66.8 (26.9)	68.0 (26.8)	73.6 (26.0)	75.4 (24.9)	80.5 (32.4)
Mean dif (95% CI)	20.5 (3.2 – 37.7)	-4.0 (-16.9 – 8.9)	-17.1 (-33.1 – -1.1)	-19.5 (-35.7 – -3.3)	-8.6 (-27.5 – 10.4)	0.8 (-20.0 – 21.7)	3.5 (-16.7 – 23.7)	2.3 (-18.4 – 23.0)	7.0 (-12.3 – 26.5)	7.8 (-14.8 – 30.4)

^a Significantly different from the baseline (pre).

^b Significantly different from CON.